Tabulation of data

Answer

1. If internal data are converted into ordinal data "f"(rho) may be .......... "r."
   • Answer: a. much different from
     When converting internal data (which is continuous) to ordinal data (which is ranked), the correlation coefficient f(ρ)f(ρ) can vary significantly from the Pearson correlation coefficient rr, often leading to a loss of information about the relationships between variables.
2. The percentile score will tell us ...........
   • Answer: d. how good a testee is relative to the group who took the test
     A percentile score indicates the percentage of test-takers who scored lower than the individual, providing a relative measure of performance within a specific group.
3. When dealing with a large number of scores, the most convenient way of data description is to ...........
   • Answer: c. group them into several interval points
     Grouping scores into intervals (creating a frequency distribution) simplifies analysis and interpretation, especially with large datasets.
4. In order to have an expression of the proportion of scores that fall below a particular score, you need ..........
   • Answer: a. percentile
     Percentiles provide a clear indication of how many scores fall below a specific value, allowing for easy interpretation of relative standing.
5. If ten students receive a score of 65 on a test, then the score of 65 has a .......... of 10.
   • Answer: d. frequency
     The frequency indicates how many students achieved that score; in this case, ten students scored 65.
6. The percentage of students who scored a specific score is determined by computing the .......... of that score.
   • Answer: d. relative frequency
     Relative frequency expresses how often a particular score occurs compared to the total number of scores, typically represented as a percentage.
7. One of the features of the mean is that ...........
   • Answer: d. the sum of deviation from it is less than the sum of deviations from any other point
     The mean minimizes the sum of squared deviations from all data points, making it an efficient measure of central tendency.
8. In standard scores, ...........
   • Answer: c. equal units are converted
     Standard scores (like z-scores) transform raw scores into comparable units, allowing for assessments across different scales or distributions.
9. The only measurement scale that has an absolute zero point is the .......... scale.
   • Answer: d. ratio
     The ratio scale has an absolute zero that indicates the absence of the quantity being measured, allowing for meaningful comparisons and calculations.
10. If in a class of 20, Reza’s score is exceeded by five other students, we can say that .......... percent of the students are higher than Reza.
    • Answer: b. 25
      If five out of 20 students scored higher than Reza, then 520×100=25%205​×100=25%.
11. If a student ranks 10 in a class of 80, then what is the percentile rank?
    • Answer: d. 87.5%
      The percentile rank can be calculated as 7080×100=87.5%8070​×100=87.5%, meaning this student performed better than 87.5% of their peers.
12. The percentile rank of a student whose score is one standard deviation above the mean is ............ .
    • Answer: b. 84
      In a normal distribution, approximately 84% of scores fall below one standard deviation above the mean.
13. If someone's score is two standard deviations above the mean, we can conclude that he has outperformed ............ .
    • Answer: d. almost 98 percent of the subjects
      Approximately 97.5% of scores fall below two standard deviations above the mean in a normal distribution, indicating that this individual has outperformed nearly all test-takers.
14. If a student’s percentile rank is reported to be about 84%, then we can conclude that ……….
    • Answer: c. the z-score is more than one
      A percentile rank around 84% corresponds to roughly one standard deviation above the mean in terms of z-scores.
15. If a test has a mean score of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, chances are ………. than an individual’s score would exceed 130.
    • Answer: b. 2.7%
      In a normal distribution, about 2.7% of scores fall above two standard deviations (130) from the mean (100).
16. Consider these raw scores: 16,7,8,14,6,12,11,9,10,8,12,10,9,8. The percentile rank of the student who scored 8 is ……….
    • Answer: b. 42
      To calculate this: Count how many scores are less than or equal to 8 (which are six). The formula for percentile rank is 614×100=42%146​×100=42%.
17. Ali ranked 14 in a class of 65. What is the percentile rank?
    • Answer: c. 79
      Percentile rank can be calculated as 5165×100=78%6551​×100=78%, meaning Ali performed better than approximately 79% of his classmates.
18. The sum of deviations of all scores from the mean is ..........
    • Answer: a. exactly zero
      By definition, when calculating deviations from the mean (positive and negative), they always sum to zero.
19. The data of an expectancy table can help us to talk about .......... .
    • Answer: b. probabilities
      Expectancy tables provide probabilities related to performance outcomes based on various factors or predictors.
20. The standing of any particular score in a group of scores is indicated by ...........
    • Answer: c. percentile rank
      Percentile rank shows how a specific score compares to others in its group by indicating what percentage scored lower than that particular score.

21. A subject's percentile rank indicates the percent of the ..........

• Answer: a. group which scored lower than him
  A percentile rank shows the percentage of individuals in a reference group who scored lower than the individual in question, providing a relative measure of performance.

22. A subject's percentile rank indicates the percent of the group which scored ...........

• Answer: d. lower on the test than he did
  This reinforces that percentile ranks reflect how many individuals scored below a specific score, indicating relative performance among peers.

23. An expression of the proportion of scores that fall below a particular score is called ...........

• Answer: d. percentile rank
  Percentile rank specifically quantifies the proportion of scores that fall below a given score, making it a direct measure of relative standing.

24. A relative frequency distribution in which the sum of the frequencies falling within and below each interval is reported is referred to as ...........

• Answer: a. cumulative frequency distribution
  Cumulative frequency distribution shows the total number of observations that fall below each category or interval, allowing for easy analysis of data.

25. A frequency distribution in which the frequencies are proportions rather than raw numbers is called ...........

• Answer: a. relative frequency distribution
  Relative frequency distributions express frequencies as proportions or percentages of the total number of observations, facilitating comparison across different datasets.

26. A simple way of explaining and summarizing numerical information based on frequency of occurrence of events in the categories of a nominal scale is ...........

• Answer: a. frequency distribution
  Frequency distribution organizes data to show how often each category occurs, making it easy to visualize and interpret nominal data.

27. A scale with the properties of magnitude, equal interval and absolute zero is called a .......... scale.

• Answer: d. ratio
  Ratio scales possess all three properties: magnitude (order), equal intervals (consistent differences), and an absolute zero point indicating absence.

28. A scale with the properties of magnitude and equal interval but not the property of absolute zero is referred to as .......... scale.

• Answer: c. interval
  Interval scales have ordered values with equal distances between them but lack an absolute zero point (e.g., temperature in Celsius).

29. A scale with the property of magnitude but not the property of equal interval or absolute zero is called a .......... scale.

• Answer: b. ordinal
  Ordinal scales indicate order or ranking but do not provide information about the distance between ranks or an absolute zero point (e.g., rankings).

30. A scale that does not have the property of magnitude, equal interval, or absolute zero is called a .......... scale.

• Answer: a. nominal
  Nominal scales categorize data without any quantitative value or order (e.g., gender, nationality).

31. A scale has the property of .......... if there is a meaningful point at which nothing at all of the property exists.

• Answer: d. absolute zero
  Absolute zero signifies a complete absence of the measured attribute, allowing for meaningful comparisons and calculations.

32. A scale has the property of .......... if the meaning of the difference between two points is uniform along the entire scale.

• Answer: a. equal intervals
  Equal intervals ensure that differences between values are consistent across the entire range, allowing for meaningful arithmetic operations.

33. A scale has the property of .......... if we can say that one instance of the attribute represents more, less, or equal amounts than another instance.

• Answer: b. magnitude
  Magnitude indicates that values can be compared in terms of quantity or amount, establishing an order among instances.