The origin, nature and study of language

1. Language is ...........

2. It is through the interactional function of a language that people ...........

3. The interdisciplinary field which deals with the study of the relations between language and the brain is called ...........

4. Semantics, sociolinguistics, etc. have provided the intellectual climate for a more social or functional and a less abstract or .......... view of language.

5. The notion that language is rule-governed helps us to comprehend that ...........

6. In its most general sense, ".........." refers to anything in the world in relation to which language is used.

7. Human beings must know some finite set of principles or rules which produce the infinite number of ...........

8. If you want to speak or write proper Farsi, you have to follow the best writers in the language. This property is attributed to .......... grammarians.

9. Which one of the following binary distinctions is NOT Saussurean in nature?

10. Any approach which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is called ..........

11. Ferdinand de Saussure recognized two sides to the study of meaning, but emphasized that the relationship is arbitrary; the sound image, ···········, and the concept, ···········.

12. Studies that follow the progress of a set of variables over time in the same set of cases are known as ··········· studies.

13. In statistical linguistics, ……….

14. 'Language was seen as a dynamic structure with all social, historical or personal consideration.' This is a view developed by ..........

15. When a number of distinct languages can be traced back to a common source, they are said to belong to the same ·········.

16. Comparing and contrasting parts of language in isolation is technically asserted to be the concern of .......... .

17. The existence of onomatopoeic words supports the origin of human speech based on ...........

18. The interdisciplinary field which deals with the study of relationships between language and the brain is called ..........

19. What are the earliest grammatical morphemes acquired in English?

20. The Alexandrians of the third and second centuries  were interested in ..........

21. Linguistic competence is the term used to explain the ..........

22. The systematic pattering underlying individual utterances which makes it possible for one person to understand or be understood by another is called ..........

23. The .......... approach breaks the global language into an inventory of grammatical structures, presented progressively and a limited number of lexical items.

24. One of famous dichotomies proposed by Saussure is the difference he makes between ......

25. Linguistic studies that follow the progress of a set of variables over time in the same set of children are known as ............ studies.

26. Some languages are more useful or prestigious than others, at a given period of history, but this is due to the preeminence of the speakers at that time, and not to any inherent linguistic characteristics. Thus, languages should ....... .. .

27. A synchronic description of a language describes the language ........ .

28. The two halves or hemispheres of the brain exercise ………. control of the body. That is, the left and right hemispheres control their opposite sides of the body.

29. If certain rules can be described to be relevant to all languages, one can speak of ……….

30. Linguistic forms are described as arbitrary because there is generally ……….

31. By means of the .......... function of language, humans use their linguistic abilities to communicate knowledge.

32. The "bow-wow" theory is related to the .......... view of origins of language.

33. That all languages have some words with pronunciations which seem to echo naturally occurring sounds supports the .......... theory.

34. What people say in a language is called .......... and it varies from individual to individual.

35. The production of utterances in actual situations is called ...........

36. Those who stressed the existence of regularity in language were known as ...........

37. A language which is used for communication between different people , each speaking a different language is referred to as ...........

38. The unconscious knowledge about sounds, meanings, and syntax possessed by the native speakers of a language is called ...........

39. Languages that are believed to have developed from a single language, because of similarities in vocabulary, sounds and grammar are said to belong to the same ...........

40. The basis for linguistic theory is provided by ...........

41. According to the .......... theory of language origin, language started with grunts, groans and cries of pleasure.

42. The "oral gesture" theory of language origin holds that there is a close link between words in a human language and ...........

43. The greatest shortcoming of computers in processing linguistic messages is not having access to ...........

44. According to the .......... theory, the sounds of a person involved in physical effort could be the source of human language.

45. The type of grammar involving "linguistic etiquette" seems to be of most interest to ...........

46. The Alexandrines of the third and second centuries B. c. were interested in ...........

47. The science of making machines do things that would require mental ability if done by men is called ...........

48. Modern attempts to create speech electronically are generally describe as ...........

49. One of the short-comings of the field of artificial intelligence is that computers ...........

50. Which of the following sentences is true?

51. The main purpose of the study of language in Chomsky's view is to ...........

52. One of the reasons why linguists prefer to study the spoken language rather than the written language is the .......... of the spoken language.

53. The relationship between language and the mind is of interest to ...........

54. .......... is mainly concerned with the study of physiological aspects of language, principally with regards to the areas in the brain in which the language functions are located.

55. "Study of the language people use in the real world" is the definition of ...........

56. According to .........., grammar is rules that govern the use of language in social situations.

57. The possession of two languages to a native degree of competence in each is called ...........

58. Those who stressed the regularity in language were known as .......... while those who emphasized the presence of irregularity were called ...........

59. The use of plural forms such as men, sheep and children in English supports ...........

60. The philosopher uses linguistic insights to find out the relationship between language and ...........

61. Leonard Bloomfield was one of the leaders in ...........

62. There are .......... views on the nature of human languages: ...........

63. The .......... view of language claims that language is a vehicle for the realization of interpersonal relations and for the performance of social transactions between individuals.

64. It was believed by .......... that all human languages share a core of linguistic universals.

65. Language is ...........

66. Which of the following is NOT among the basic tenets of structural linguists?

**67. Which of the following statements cannot be considered as a universal of language? **

68. According to the Divine Source, ………. .

69. Humans are born with the physiological adaptation to speak a language; that is . . . . . . . .

70. Humans indicate friendliness, cooperation, hostility, etc. through the ………. function of language, whereas, they communicate knowledge and information by means of the ………. function of language.

71. Which one of the following sentences is NOT correct?