Sound patterns and phonological processes

1. "Length" as a suprasegmental feature refers to * Correct Answer: d. the duration or quantity of a particular sound segment * Explanation: Suprasegmental features go beyond individual sounds and affect larger units like syllables or words. Length refers to how long a sound is held.

2. "The crucial distinction between phonemes and allophones is that substituting one phoneme for another will result in a word with a different meaning but substituting allophones only results in a different pronunciation of the same word." This statement is * Correct Answer: a. always true * Explanation: This is the fundamental definition that distinguishes phonemes (meaning-distinguishing sounds) from allophones (phonetic variants of a phoneme).

3. Suprasegmental phonemes include * Correct Answer: a. juncture, intonation, stress, and syllabification * Explanation: Suprasegmental features are features that extend over more than one sound segment. Juncture, intonation, stress, and syllabification are all examples of suprasegmental features.

4. When a group of words are differentiated each one from the others by changing one phoneme, then we have a(n) * Correct Answer: d. minimal set * Explanation: A minimal set is a group of words that differ by only one phoneme in the same position.

5. The prosodic features include * Correct Answer: b. stress and intonation * Explanation: Prosodic features are suprasegmental features that relate to the rhythm and melody of speech. Stress and intonation are key prosodic features.

6. What kind of phonological process is describe by the following rule? V --> [+nasal]/[+nasal]--> [+nasal] * Correct Answer: a. Assimilation * Explanation: This rule describes how a vowel becomes nasalized when it occurs before a nasal consonant. This is a clear example of assimilation, where one sound influences the features of a neighboring sound.

7. When a group of words are differentiated each one by changing one phoneme, then we have * Correct Answer: d. minimal set * Explanation: As explained earlier, a minimal set is a group of words that differ by only one phoneme in the same position.

8. In an existing human language, the following words are used: [adam] 'man' [adamlar] 'men'[sir] 'secret' [sirlar] 'secrets'[kilit] 'key' [kilitler] 'keys'[yer] 'place' [yerler] 'places. The possible plural forms for "hands" and "bells" are .......... respectively. * Correct Answer: c. [ellar] and [ziller] * Explanation: Based on the provided examples, the plural suffix appears to be [-lar]. Therefore, "hands" would likely be [eller] and "bells" would likely be [ziller].

9. Which of the following pairs constitutes a minimal pair? * Correct Answer: c. peal pill * Explanation: A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one phoneme in the same position. "Peal" and "pill" differ only in the initial consonant sounds (/p/ vs. /p/).

10. In English, "past" is represented by [d],[t] and [Id]. We can argue that in English, there are ........... * Correct Answer: a. one phonemic representation and three phonetic representations * Explanation: /t/ has three different allophones: [t], [d], and [Id]. These are different phonetic realizations of the same phoneme.

11. A phoneme is ........... * Correct Answer: b. a meaning-distinguishing sound * Explanation: Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a word.

12. The most common phonological rule is assimilation and by assimilation we mean a phenomenon in which ........... * Correct Answer: b. some features of a sound segment change to become identical to a feature in a neighboring segment * Explanation: Assimilation is the process where one sound becomes more like a neighboring sound in terms of its phonetic features.

13. An allophonic difference indicates a change in ........... * Correct Answer: c. pronunciation * Explanation: Allophones are different pronunciations of the same phoneme. They do not change the meaning of the word.

14. The rule [-voice] --> [+voice]/[+voice] [+strident, +anterior, +coronal] is an instance of ........... * Correct Answer: c. regressive assimilation * Explanation: This rule describes how a voiceless sound becomes voiced when it occurs before a voiced sound. It's regressive assimilation because the feature of voicing is spreading backward from the following sound.

15. Which of the following pairs would be treated as minimal pairs? * Correct Answer: c. fat-pat * Explanation: "Fat" and "pat" differ only by the initial consonant (/f/ vs. /p/).

16. The suprasegmental feature which describes the relative pitch at which a syllable is produced is called ........... * Correct Answer: d. tone * Explanation: Tone refers to the relative pitch of a syllable or word, which can change the meaning of the word.

17. Persian learners of English have difficulty in producing the sound /m/ in the word "bottom" mainly because ........... * Correct Answer: c. the feature of consonant syllabicity is non-existent in Persian * Explanation: Syllabic consonants, where a consonant acts as the nucleus of a syllable, are not common in all languages. If Persian lacks syllabic consonants, learners may find it difficult to produce them in English.

18. The relative pitch at which a syllable is produced is described as ........... * Correct Answer: d. tone * Explanation: Tone refers to the relative pitch of a syllable or word.

19. The phonological generalizations that convert the phonemic representations into phonetic representations are often referred to as .......... rules. * Correct Answer: c. phonetic * Explanation: Phonetic rules describe how phonemes are realized as actual sounds in speech.

20. When a morpheme has alternate phonetic forms, these forms are called ........... * Correct Answer: b. allomorphs * Explanation: Allomorphs are different phonetic realizations of the same morpheme.

21. The phrase "last year" is often pronounced as "last year. " What phonological process is this? * Correct Answer: d. Elision * Explanation: Elision is the omission of a sound within a word. In this case, the /j/ in "year" is often elided.

22. A rule such as "nasal consonants are voiced" is a .......... rule. * Correct Answer: d. redundancy * Explanation: This rule describes a predictable feature of nasal consonants. Redundancy rules describe predictable relationships between features.

23. In systematic phonetics, the feature ............ accounts for the friction noise in fricatives and affricates. * Correct Answer: c. [+ strident] * Explanation: The strident feature describes sounds produced with a high degree of noise, such as fricatives and affricates.

24. The feature that distinguishes [d] from [b] is ........... * Correct Answer: b. [coronal] * Explanation: /d/ is a coronal sound (produced with the tongue blade or tip), while /b/ is a bilabial sound.

25. A common phonological process is ....... * Correct Answer: a. assimilation * Explanation: Assimilation is a very common phonological process where one sound influences the features of a neighboring sound.

26. In [+ consonantal] sounds, an obstruction is created by moving a(n) .......... * Correct Answer: a. articulator * Explanation: Consonants are produced by obstructing the airflow in the vocal tract.

27. /p/ in English can be characterized as ....... * Correct Answer: d. [- voice + bilabial + stop] * Explanation: /p/ is a voiceless bilabial stop.

28. Which one of the following groups of sound segments share the phonetic features [-anterior - coronal]? * Correct Answer: d. [k, g, n] * Explanation: Velar sounds like /k/ and /g/ are not anterior and not coronal.

29. Those sounds which are both consonantal and vocalic are called .......... * Correct Answer: c. liquids * Explanation: Liquids (/l/ and /r/) have both consonantal and vocalic characteristics.

30. Which one of the following represents assimilation? * Correct Answer: b. nasalization * Explanation: Nasalization is a type of assimilation where a vowel becomes nasalized when it occurs before a nasal consonant.

31. According to systematic phonetics, the segments [p and b] can be described as [..........] * Correct Answer: a. + consonantal, + abrupt release , + anterior, - continuant * Explanation: * Both /p/ and /b/ are consonants (+ consonantal). * They are stops, characterized by a complete closure of the airflow followed by an abrupt release (+ abrupt release). * They are produced in the anterior part of the mouth (+ anterior). * They are not continuant sounds (- continuant) as the airflow is completely obstructed.

32. Which of the following plural forms is phonologically conditioned? * Correct Answer: a. dogs * Explanation: The plural of "dog" is "dogs" with the plural morpheme pronounced as /z/. However, the plural of "cat" is "cats" with the plural morpheme pronounced as /s/. This variation in the pronunciation of the plural morpheme is conditioned by the preceding sound (voiced /ɡ/ vs. voiceless /t/).

33. Which of the following words does not end in a voiced sound? * Correct Answer: b. lathe * Explanation: * "begged" ends with /d/ (voiced) * "lathe" ends with /θ/ (voiceless) * "maze" ends with /z/ (voiced) * "touched" ends with /t/ (voiceless)

34. The word 'improper' in English and 'ambor' in Farsi indicate a phonological process called .......... * Correct Answer: d. insertion * Explanation: In "improper," the /m/ is inserted between /p/ and /r/. This is an example of epenthesis, the insertion of a sound within a word.

35. Which one of the given systematic phonetic feature descriptions would the traditional label “voiced alveolar nasal” correspond to? * Correct Answer: c. + anterior, + coronal * Explanation: * Alveolar sounds are produced with the tongue tip or blade against the alveolar ridge (+ anterior, + coronal). * Nasal sounds are produced with the velum lowered, allowing air to escape through the nasal cavity.

36. Liquids such as "l" and "r" are sometimes called syllabic because they .......... * Correct Answer: d. function like vowels * Explanation: Liquids can function as the nucleus of a syllable, similar to vowels.

37. The rule if [+nasal] then [+ovice] is a .......... rule. * Correct Answer: c. redundancy * Explanation: This rule describes a predictable relationship between the features [+nasal] and [+voice]. All nasal consonants in English are voiced.

38. The phoneme /s/ in “books, bags” has three phonetic variants [s] [z] and [iz] respectively. These phonetic variants are said to be the .......... of /s/ in English. * Correct Answer: a. allophones * Explanation: Allophones are different phonetic realizations of the same phoneme.

39. Consider the English word button [bAtn]./n/ is an instance of ………. * Correct Answer: c. a syllabic segment * Explanation: In this case, /n/ functions as the nucleus of the final syllable, making it a syllabic consonant.

40. The phonetic realization of words such as 'writer' and 'rider' as [rajDer] is the result of the application of ·········. * Correct Answer: a. flap rule * Explanation: In many dialects of English, the /t/ and /d/ sounds between vowels are often realized as a flap ([ɾ]).

41. Which of the following sound groups has the [+ anterior, - coronal] feature? * Correct Answer: b. [k, g, h] * Explanation: * Anterior sounds are produced in the front part of the mouth. * Coronal sounds involve the tongue blade or tip. * Velar sounds (/k/, /g/, /h/) are not anterior and not coronal.

42. A rule such as: "Nasal consonants are voiced" is a .......... rule. * Correct Answer: d. redundant * Explanation: As mentioned earlier, this rule describes a predictable relationship between the features [+nasal] and [+voice].

43. The muscles of the vocal tract are tense in the articulation of all the following sounds except for.......... . * Correct Answer: d. [h] * Explanation: /h/ is a glottal fricative produced with minimal muscular effort.

44. Which one of the following sound segments would have the features [-vocalic, -consonantal]? * Correct Answer: c. [h, w, y] * Explanation: Glides (/w/, /j/) are characterized by the features [-vocalic, -consonantal].

45. The five features of articulation position in systematic phonetics are .......... . * Correct Answer: a. anterior, coronal, high, low, back * Explanation: These features describe the position of the tongue in the vocal tract.

46. The sound segments [h , w , y] are ………. * Correct Answer: c. [+continuant, +voice] * Explanation: * /h/ is a voiceless glottal fricative. * /w/ and /j/ are voiced glides.

47. The assimilation of a root to the vowel of a suffix is called ………. . * Correct Answer: a. umlaut * Explanation: Umlauting is a type of vowel change where the quality of a vowel in a word is influenced by a following vowel, often in a suffix.

48. If there is a [-consonantal, +high, +back], then it will predictably be .......... . * Correct Answer: b. [+round] * Explanation: Back high vowels in English are typically rounded (/u/, /ʊ/).

49. In the procedure called comparative reconstruction, ........... * Correct Answer: c. information from cognate sets is utilized * Explanation: Comparative reconstruction aims to reconstruct the proto-language by comparing cognates (words with common origins) in related languages.

50. {go}+{past}--> {went} is an example of a(n) ........... * Correct Answer: d. morphophonological rule * Explanation: This example illustrates a change in the root vowel (/o/ to /e/) due to the addition of the past tense morpheme. This is a complex rule involving both morphology and phonology.

51. The comparative method is a technique ........... * Correct Answer: a. for reconstructing dead languages * Explanation: The comparative method is used to reconstruct the history of languages and identify their relationships.

52. It is true that an allophone is .........., * Correct Answer: c. a predictable variant of a phoneme * Explanation: Allophones are predictable variations of a phoneme, occurring in specific phonetic environments.

53. Sign -sang-sung are examples of a phonological process known as ........... * Correct Answer: a. ablaut * Explanation: Ablaut refers to vowel alternations, such as those seen in the past tense forms of some English verbs.

54. All of the following are among the allophonic rules of English EXCEPT .......... * Correct Answer: b. [+voiced] phones are [+sonorant, +continuant] * Explanation: This statement is incorrect. Voiced sounds can be both sonorants and obstruents.

55. Which of the points describes the relative pitch? * Correct Answer: d. tone * Explanation: Tone refers to the relative pitch of a syllable or word.

56. The words which convey the content of a message are called .......... morphemes * Correct Answer: d. lexical * Explanation: Lexical morphemes are content words that carry meaning (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs).

57. The feature [- vocalic] is present whenever .......... * Correct Answer: b. there is an obstruction to the air stream in the vocal cavity * Explanation: Consonants are characterized by the feature [-vocalic], indicating some degree of obstruction in the airflow.

58. Which word exemplifies the following redundancy rule? If:[ + vocalic ] / -- [+ nasal] - consonantal * Correct Answer: a. mnemonics * Explanation: The vowel in "mnemonics" is nasalized due to the following nasal consonant (/n/).

59. The phonetic features [………..] distinguish [s] among [ +strident, + coronal] sounds. * Correct Answer: b. - lateral, - voice * Explanation: * /s/ is a strident coronal sound. * To distinguish it from other strident coronals like /ʃ/ (sh), we need features that are unique to /s/. * /s/ is not lateral (air doesn't flow over the sides of the tongue).

60. Which class of sounds has the features [- continuant, - nasal, - abrupt release]? * Correct Answer: a. vowels * Explanation: * Vowels are [+vocalic], which means they are the opposite of [-vocalic].

61. ......... phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made. * Correct Answer: d. Articulatory * Explanation: Articulatory phonetics focuses on how speech sounds are produced by the vocal tract.

62. The term which refers to the speech of somebody speaking a language non-natively is ………. * Correct Answer: d. accent * Explanation: Accent refers to the pronunciation of a language by a non-native speaker, often characterized by distinctive features.

63. The omission of e sound segment which would he present in deliberate pronunciation of o word in isolation is called ....... * Correct Answer: b. elision * Explanation: Elision is the omission of a sound within a word.

64. Essential for communication by sound is an air stream. Compression of the lungs creates a ………. * Correct Answer: b. pulmonic egressive air stream * Explanation: Pulmonic egressive airstream is the most common type of airstream mechanism, where air is expelled from the lungs.

65. To pronounce the initial sound [r] in the English word ‘roar’ [ror], the tongue blade is turned back and the tongue body is bunched. In this case, it is said there is some sort of ………. * Correct Answer: a. retroflexion * Explanation: Retroflexion refers to the curling back of the tongue tip.

66. Which of the following words has the following articulatory description : [voiceless alveolar stop + mid front tense vowel + voiceless velar stop] ? * Correct Answer: d. take * Explanation: * /t/ is a voiceless alveolar stop. * /e/ is a mid front tense vowel. * /k/ is a voiceless velar stop.

67. The English words ‘laid’ and ‘lathe’ are pronounced [led] and [leth] respectively. The two words are said to be ………. * Correct Answer: b. minimal pairs * Explanation: Minimal pairs are words that differ by only one phoneme in the same position.

68. In a hypothetical language, the word ‘cat’ is pronounced [kreb]. The plural form that is ‘cats’ is pronounced [koreba]. The plural morpheme in this language is a case of ………. * Correct Answer: b. interfix * Explanation: An interfix is a segment inserted between two morphemes. In this case, the plural morpheme appears to involve the insertion of [-or-] between the root and the final consonant.

69. What kind of phonological process is described by the following rule? C --> Ch/# ? * Correct Answer: c. dissimilation * Explanation: This rule suggests that a consonant (C) changes to a different consonant (Ch) when it occurs in a specific position (end of the word). This is a type of dissimilation, where two similar sounds become less similar.

70. Stress, intonation, and length are called ........... features. * Correct Answer: c. suprasegmental * Explanation: Suprasegmental features are those that extend over more than one sound segment, such as stress, intonation, and length.

71. Differences of an allophonic kind are .......... and may be indicative of ........... * Correct Answer: a. phonetic/personal idiosyncrasies * Explanation: Allophonic variations are often related to individual speaking styles or regional dialects.

72. The suprasegmental feature of .......... has to do with the boundary between words, phrases, or sentences. * Correct Answer: d. juncture * Explanation: Juncture refers to the pauses or other phonetic cues that signal the boundaries between words or phrases.

73. Each one of the meaning distinguishing sounds in a language is described as a(n) ........... * Correct Answer: a. phoneme * Explanation: Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a word.

74. When two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or copied by the other, the process is known as ........... * Correct Answer: b. assimilation * Explanation: Assimilation is the process where one sound influences the features of a neighboring sound.

75. The sounds of a language are organized into a system. The study of this systems is known as ........... * Correct Answer: b. phonology * Explanation: Phonology is the study of the sound system of a language, including how sounds are organized and used.

76. The establishment and description of the distinctive sound units of a language by means of distinctive features is referred to as ........... * Correct Answer: d. phonology * Explanation: Phonology involves identifying and describing the phonemes of a language.

77. The "omission" of a sound segment which would be present in the deliberate pronunciation of a word in isolation is technically described as ........... * Correct Answer: a. elision * Explanation: Elision is the omission of a sound within a word.

78. It is a.......... rule that "In no language is there a rule that changes [O] to [OI] in any environment." * Correct Answer: a. universal * Explanation: This statement describes a general constraint on the types of phonological rules that are possible in human languages.

79. Pairs of words distinguished by a single phonetic feature are called ........... * Correct Answer: b. minimal pairs * Explanation: Minimal pairs are pairs of words that differ by only one phoneme in the same position.

80. The physical realization of a phoneme is called a(n) ........... * Correct Answer: b. allophone * Explanation: Allophones are the actual pronunciations of a phoneme in different contexts.

81. The relative pitch at which a syllable is produced is called ........... * Correct Answer: d. tone * Explanation: Tone refers to the relative pitch of a syllable or word.

82. When a pattern of pitch changes occur during a phrase or sentence, we have the phenomenon of ........... * Correct Answer: a. intonation * Explanation: Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speech, conveying meaning and emotion.

83. The special term .......... describes the phonological phenomenon in which the vowel of a root assimilates to the vowel of a suffix. * Correct Answer: a. umlauting * Explanation: Umlauting is a type of vowel change where the quality of a vowel in a word is influenced by a following vowel, often in a suffix.

84. The part of phonemics that deals with .......... was known traditionally as morphophonemics. * Correct Answer: d. the investigation of the rules according to which morphemes are pronounced * Explanation: Morphophonemics deals with the sound alternations that occur when morphemes are combined.

85. The difference between the pronunciation of the plural morpheme in the English words “cats” and “dogs” is an example of ........... * Correct Answer: b. progressive assimilation * Explanation: The plural morpheme is pronounced as /s/ after voiceless consonants (/t/ in "cats") and as /z/ after voiced consonants (/ɡ/ in "dogs"). This is an example of progressive assimilation, where a feature spreads forward to the following sound.

86. The crucial distinction between phonemes and allophones is that substituting one .......... while it is not the case for the other. * Correct Answer: c. allophone for another does not change the meaning * Explanation: Substituting one allophone for another does not change the meaning of the word. Substituting one phoneme for another does change the meaning.

87. Which of the statements given below is the concern of the flowing rule? [ +vocalic, - consonantal, - nasal] [ ,+ nasal] --> [ +consonantal, - vocalic, + nasal] * Correct Answer: a. Vowels are nasalized before nasal consonants * Explanation: This rule describes how a vowel becomes nasalized when it occurs before a nasal consonant.

88. The term “accent” may be used to refer to variations at the level of ........... * Correct Answer: b. phonology * Explanation: Accent primarily refers to variations in pronunciation, which falls under the domain of phonology.

89. The articulatory parameters of ASL consist of ........... * Correct Answer: a. shape, orientation, location and movement * Explanation: These are the key parameters that distinguish different signs in American Sign Language (ASL).

90. The suprasegmental feature “..........” is not phonemic in English. * Correct Answer: c. length * Explanation: While length can be a distinctive feature in some languages, it's not generally phonemic in English.

91. The following phonolocical rule descries a phenomenon known as ........... [ - voice] [ + voice] / [ + voice] --> [ , + strident, + anterior, + coronal] * Correct Answer: b. assimilation * Explanation: This rule describes how a voiceless consonant becomes voiced when it occurs before a voiced consonant. This is a type of regressive assimilation.

92. Which of the following is NOT a phonological process? * Correct Answer: d. Nasalization * Explanation: Nasalization is a phonological process where a vowel becomes nasalized due to the influence of a following nasal consonant.

93. The .......... representation of morphemes are provided in the lexicon. * Correct Answer: d. phonemic * Explanation: The lexicon stores the underlying, abstract representations of morphemes, which are phonemic in nature.

94. The feature [stress] describes the ........... * Correct Answer: b. prominence of a syllable * Explanation: Stress refers to the relative prominence or emphasis given to a particular syllable in a word.

95. In the following data on the cognates in three related languages, .......... must have preceded........... * Correct Answer: c. apat/abadi and apati * Explanation: This question requires knowledge of comparative reconstruction. The principle of "most natural change" suggests that simpler forms are more likely to be the source of more complex forms.

96. The word /dastband/ in Farsi is normally pronounced as /dasban/. This phenomenon is technically described as ........... * Correct Answer: d. elision * Explanation: The /t/ sound is omitted in the pronunciation, which is an example of elision.

97. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs? pat pen more heat bun pit ban chain * Correct Answer: b. 1,6 * Explanation: "Pat" and "pen" differ only by the final consonant (/t/ vs. /n/).

98. The abstract unit of the sound system of a language is called .......... and its concrete form produced in actual speech is called ........... * Correct Answer: c. phoneme/phone * Explanation: Phonemes are abstract units, while phones are their actual physical realizations.

99. The collection of rules through which speakers are able to distinguish native sound clusters from non-native ones are referred to as ........... * Correct Answer: a. phonotactics * Explanation: Phonotactics deals with the permissible sound sequences within a language.

100. The study of the organization of the sounds into a system is called ........... * Correct Answer: c. phonology * Explanation: Phonology is the study of the sound system of a language, including how sounds are organized and used.

101. One example of "assimilation" in English language is ........... * Correct Answer: a. /t/ becoming /d/ when preceded by a vowel and followed by a liquid * Explanation: In words like "butter" or "latter," the /t/ sound is often pronounced as a voiced flap (/d/) due to the influence of the following liquid (/r/).

102. What should be put between the empty square bracket? [-continuant, -voiced ] [..........] / # - [-consonantal ,+vocalic, +stressed] * Correct Answer: c. +aspirated * Explanation: This rule describes the aspiration of voiceless stops at the beginning of stressed syllables.

103. In English, the sounds contrasted by 'a' and 'u' in /bad/ and /bud/ are ........... * Correct Answer: d. phonemes * Explanation: /æ/ and /ʊ/ are different phonemes in English.

104. Suprasegmental phonemes include ........... * Correct Answer: a. juncture, intonation, stress and syllabification * Explanation: These are all examples of suprasegmental features.

105. A vowel changes into schwa when it is ........... * Correct Answer: b. unstressed * Explanation: Unstressed vowels in English often reduce to a schwa (/ə/).

106. In English a pair like 'pit' and 'pet' are .......... since the only difference between them is the vowel. * Correct Answer: c. minimal pairs * Explanation: Minimal pairs are pairs of words that differ by only one phoneme in the same position.

107. The patterns by which the pitch of the voice rises and falls in speech is called ........... * Correct Answer: b. intonation * Explanation: Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speech.

108. Word boundary marked by a pause or other phonetic variation is called ........... * Correct Answer: d. juncture * Explanation: Juncture refers to the pauses or other phonetic cues that signal the boundaries between words or phrases.

109. The combinations "I scream" and "ice cream" are examples of ........... * Correct Answer: a. juncture * Explanation: The difference in meaning between these phrases depends on the presence or absence of a pause between the words.

110. Phonetics which is the study of sounds used in speaking is divided into .......... phonetics (the study of organs of speech in use) and .......... phonetics (the study of the physical properties of the sounds used). * Correct Answer: c. articulatory/acoustic * Explanation: Articulatory phonetics focuses on how speech sounds are produced, while acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of sound waves.

111. The relationship between the sounds of the oral language and the writing systems which represent it, is called ........... * Correct Answer: d. phonetics * Explanation: This is not a standard term. The relationship between sounds and their written representation is often studied in areas like phonology and orthography.

112. The arrangement of sounds in a language is called ........... * Correct Answer: c. phonotactics * Explanation: Phonotactics deals with the permissible sound sequences within a language.

113. In English the addition of voice is .......... because of the difference in meaning between words such as 'tug' and 'dug' ; 'tuck' and 'tug.' * Correct Answer: a. phonemic * Explanation: The difference between voiced and voiceless sounds in these pairs creates a meaning distinction, making voice a phonemic feature in English.

114. .......... analysis deals with the smallest complete sound, but .......... analysis is dealing with the question of stress, intonation and juncture. * Correct Answer: a. Segmental/suprasegmental * Explanation: Segmental phonology deals with individual sounds, while suprasegmental phonology deals with features that extend over multiple sounds.

115. The English word 'ticket' consists of .......... segmental sounds. * Correct Answer: b. five * Explanation: "Ticket" consists of five sounds: /t/ /ɪ/ /k/ /ɪ/ /t/.

116. In English the initial /k/ of 'kick' is different from the final one. The two sounds are .......... of the ........../k/. * Correct Answer: d. allophones/phoneme * Explanation: These are different phonetic realizations (allophones) of the same phoneme /k/.

117. In English, 'ed', 'en' and zero are possible .......... of the past participle ........... * Correct Answer: d. allomorphs/morpheme * Explanation: These are different phonetic forms (allomorphs) of the past participle morpheme.

118. Which of the following can be considered an example of "regressive assimilation" in English? * Correct Answer: a. When the combination "ten bikes" is pronounced as "tem bikes" * Explanation: The /n/ in "ten" influences the preceding /t/, causing it to become /m/.

119. Phonemes are the . . . . . . in a language. * Correct Answer: d. smallest meaning-distinctive units * Explanation: Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a word.

120. The study of phonology is more concerned with the . . . . . . . . * Correct Answer: b. abstract or mental aspects of the sounds in language * Explanation: Phonology focuses on the underlying sound system of a language, including how sounds are organized and how they function to distinguish meaning.

121. The /p/ in PUT is pronounced differently from the /p/ in APPLE. This difference is a . . . . . . . variation. * Correct Answer: b. phonetic * Explanation: This is a phonetic difference. The /p/ in "put" is aspirated (a puff of air released), while the /p/ in "apple" is unaspirated. These are allophones of the same phoneme.

122. Which one of the following groups is NOT a minimal set? * Correct Answer: d. vague, vain, veil, vain * Explanation: In this group, "vain" appears twice, so the words do not differ by only one phoneme.

**123. Allophones .. ... . . ** * Correct Answer: a. have no role in determining the meaning * Explanation: Allophones are different pronunciations of the same phoneme. They do not change the meaning of the word.

**124. Assimilation is . . . . . . . . ** * Correct Answer: c. when some aspect of a phoneme is taken to an adjacent phoneme * Explanation: Assimilation is the process where one sound influences the features of a neighboring sound.

125. A plosive sound is one which is produced by . . . . . . . . * Correct Answer: a. stopping the air stream from the lungs and then suddenly releasing it * Explanation: Plosives are characterized by a complete closure of the airflow followed by a sudden release.

126. Which of the following words contains an obstruent sound? * Correct Answer: d. pea * Explanation: Obstruents are sounds produced with a significant constriction in the airflow. /p/ is a stop, which is a type of obstruent.

127. Which of the following words contains a laminal sound? * Correct Answer: c. shoot * Explanation: Laminal sounds are produced with the blade of the tongue. /ʃ/ in "shoot" is a laminal sound.

128. Which of the following utterances does NOT contain an instance of assimilation? * Correct Answer: d. She doesn't speak correctly. * Explanation: This sentence doesn't show a clear example of assimilation where one sound influences the features of another.

129. Which of the following words contains a dorsal sound? * Correct Answer: b. guard * Explanation: Dorsal sounds are produced with the back of the tongue. /ɡ/ in "guard" is a velar sound, which is a type of dorsal sound.

**130. Metathesis is when . . ... . . . ** * Correct Answer: b. two adjoining sounds are reversed * Explanation: Metathesis is the reordering of sounds within a word.

131. Epenthesis is when a sound . . . . . . . . * Correct Answer: d. is inserted in the middle of a word * Explanation: Epenthesis is the insertion of a sound within a word.

132. Prothesis is when . . . . . . . . * Correct Answer: c. an extra sound is added to the beginning of a word * Explanation: Prothesis is the addition of a sound at the beginning of a word.

133. The abstract unit of the sound system of a language is called .... . . , and its concrete form produced in actual speech is called . . . . . . . . * Correct Answer: c. phoneme, phone * Explanation: Phonemes are abstract units, while phones are their concrete realizations.

134. A contour tone language is one in which . . . . . . . * Correct Answer: b. the pitch can change during a syllable of a word * Explanation: Contour tone languages are characterized by changes in pitch within a single syllable.

135. Redundant features in the sound system are those that . . . . . . * Correct Answer: c. occur only when certain other features occur * Explanation: Redundant features are predictable and do not distinguish meaning. For example, all nasal consonants in English are voiced.

136. Which of the following is NOT a redundancy rule? * Correct Answer: b. if: [+vocalic] then: [+voice] * Explanation: Vowels can be both voiced and voiceless (e.g., whispered speech).

137. Which of the following statements is true? * Correct Answer: c. The phonological component is applied when the surface structure of a sentence is being generated. * Explanation: Phonological rules apply to the underlying forms of words and phrases to derive their surface phonetic forms.

138. Which of the following sounds cannot appear in the coda of the last syllable of a word in English? * Correct Answer: a. /h/ * Explanation: /h/ generally cannot occur at the end of a syllable in English.

139. Which of the following words contains an open syllable? * Correct Answer: b. write * Explanation: An open syllable ends in a vowel (e.g., "write").

140. In which of the following words is there a case of cluster reduction in the speech of many native speakers of English? * Correct Answer: d. warmth * Explanation: The final consonant cluster /rmθ/ in "warmth" is often reduced, with the /r/ being deleted.

141. In most human languages, the majority of sounds are . .... . . * Correct Answer: c. voiced * Explanation: Voiced sounds are generally more common than voiceless sounds in human languages.

142. Homorganic sounds . . .. .. . * Correct Answer: b. have the same place of articulation * Explanation: Homorganic sounds are produced in the same place in the vocal tract.

143. A language in which all syllables occur at equal intervals is . . . . * Correct Answer: a. syllable-timed rhythm * Explanation: In syllable-timed languages, the duration of each syllable is relatively constant.

144. The largest final consonantal cluster in Farsi consists of . . .. . . sounds and the largest initial consonantal cluster in English consists of . . .. sounds. * Correct Answer: c. three - three * Explanation: Farsi allows for larger final consonant clusters than English, while English allows for larger initial consonant clusters.

145. The collection of rules through which speakers are able to distinguish native sound clusters from non-native ones are referred to as . . . . . * Correct Answer: a. phonotactics * Explanation: Phonotactics deals with the permissible sound sequences within a language.