Word formation processes

1. In English there is a tendency that under certain circumstances words such as "gasoline, advertisement, professor" are reduced to "gas, ad, Prof" respectively. This process is called ........... * In English there is a tendency * Correct Answer: d. clipping

Explanation: Clipping involves shortening words by removing parts of them.

2. The words such as 'photo' and 'bus' are cases of ........... * The words such as 'photo' * Correct Answer: b. clipping

Explanation: Both "photo" and "bus" are shortened forms of "photograph" and "omnibus," respectively.

3. .......... is a modified type of coining in which a word is formed as an imitation of some natural sound . * .......... is a modified type * Correct Answer: d. Onomatopoeia

Explanation: Onomatopoeia involves creating words that imitate sounds, like "meow," "buzz," and "boom."

4. "Suitcase" is the result of ........... * "Suitcase" is the result * Correct Answer: c. compounding

Explanation: Compounding involves combining two or more words to create a new word.

5. .......... is a modified type of coining in which a word is formed as an imitation of some natural soun * .......... is a modified type * Correct Answer: d. Onomatopoeia

Explanation: Onomatopoeia involves creating words that imitate sounds, like "meow," "buzz," and "boom."

6. The new English words "smog" and "gasoline" are instances of the word-formation process of ........... * The new English words "smog" * Correct Answer: a. blending

Explanation: Blending combines parts of two words to create a new one. "Smog" comes from "smoke" and "fog."

7. Which one of the following does NOT belong to the basic processes of word formation? * Which one of the following * Correct Answer: a. Assimilation

Explanation: Assimilation is a phonological process, not a word-formation process.

8. The reduction of long words to shorter ones is carried out in the process of .......... * The reduction of long words * Correct Answer: a. clipping

Explanation: Clipping, as discussed earlier, involves shortening words.

9. People pass away rather than die and are attended by a mortician rather than by an undertaker. Such use of language is referred to as .......... * People pass away rather than * Correct Answer: b. euphemism

Explanation: Euphemisms are used to soften or avoid harsh or unpleasant words.

10. When a lexical item takes on a new special meaning in addition to its original meaning, this process is referred to as .......... * When a lexical item takes * Correct Answer: d. narrowing

Explanation: Narrowing restricts the meaning of a word to a more specific context.

11. What kind of change occurred in the word “arjmand ( arjomand” * What kind of change occurred * Correct Answer: b. epenthesis

Explanation: Epenthesis involves the insertion of a sound within a word.

12. Words such as 'preempt’ and 'televise' were made from the existing words 'preemption' and 'television'. The process involved in the formation of the new words is technically called ·········. * Words such as 'preempt’ and * Correct Answer: c. back-formation

Explanation: Back-formation creates a new word by removing a supposed affix from an existing word.

13. The words “Bar-B-Q, koffee, kake and kwik-fit” are instances of ······ * The words “Bar-B-Q, koffee, * Correct Answer: b. deviant spellings

Explanation: These words show intentional or unintentional deviations from standard spelling.

14. With regards to the process of word formation, 'math' is an example of ……. * With regards to the process * Correct Answer: a. clipping

Explanation: "Math" is a shortened form of "mathematics."

15. The term Kleenex' was originally created as a trade name for a product, but has become an ordinary English word. The technical term used to describe this process is ……….** * **The termKleenex' was originally * Correct Answer: a. clipping

Explanation: While technically a brand name, "Kleenex" has become a generic term for tissues through a process similar to clipping.

16. The variant forms of the morpheme '-al' in the following words intentional - intentionality are an example of ········. * The variant forms of the * Correct Answer: d. phonological conditioning

Explanation: The variation in the suffix is influenced by the sounds surrounding it.

17. The word 'fly' was first used by a child for the insect, and then came to be used for specks of dirt and even crumbs of bread. This process is known as ······ * The word 'fly' was first * Correct Answer: c. overextension

Explanation: Overextension involves applying a word to a wider range of objects than it actually refers to.

18. Which word is not the result of compounding? * Which word is not the * Correct Answer: d. politeness

Explanation: "Politeness" is derived from "polite" through the addition of the suffix "-ness."

19. The word "televise" is an example of .................... process. * The word "televise" is an * Correct Answer: b. back formation

Explanation: "Televise" was created by removing the "-ion" from "television."

20. The word "motel" is a relatively new word in English taken from "motor + hotel". Which kind of new word formation has been applied to produce this word? * The word "motel" is a * Correct Answer: c. Blending

Explanation: Blending combines parts of two words to form a new one.

21. In every recognized profession, a special or technical vocabulary evolves which is known as ........... * In every recognized profession, * Correct Answer: a. jargon

Explanation: Jargon refers to specialized vocabulary used within a particular profession or group.

22. The formation of urianalysis from urine and analysis is an example of ........... * The formation of urianalysis * Correct Answer: c. compounding

Explanation: "Urianalysis" is formed by combining "urine" and "analysis."

23. The two changes film -->filum and schola --> escuela are called .......... and .......... respectively. * The two changes film -->filum * Correct Answer: c. metathesis-epenthesis

Explanation: Metathesis involves the reordering of sounds, and epenthesis involves the insertion of a sound.

24. Constituent structural rules and lexicon ........... * Constituent structural rules and * Correct Answer: a. constitute the base component

Explanation: These elements are fundamental to the base component of a generative grammar.

25. The types of acronyms exemplified by PR (public relations) and ID (identification) are called .......... * The types of acronyms * Correct Answer: d. initial-letter acronyms

Explanation: These acronyms are formed from the initial letters of each word in a phrase.

26. Removing the suffix from an existing word to coin a new word exemplifies the word formation process of .......... * Removing the suffix from an * Correct Answer: a. backformation

Explanation: Back-formation involves removing a supposed affix to create a new word.

27. The English word 'aspirin' is an example of .......... * The English word 'aspirin' is * Correct Answer: d. coinage

Explanation: "Aspirin" is a brand name that has become a generic term through coinage.

28. Claque in etymology refers to creating .......... * Claque in etymology refers * Correct Answer: a. new vocabulary items by translating the morphemes of foreign words into native morphemes

Explanation: Claque refers to the process of loan translation.

29. The invention of totally new terms in English is referred to as .......... * The invention of totally new * Correct Answer: b. coinage

Explanation: Coinage involves creating entirely new words.

30. The process through which an ordinary lexical item takes on a special meaning in addition to its original meaning is called .......... * The process through which an * Correct Answer: d. narrowing

Explanation: Narrowing restricts the meaning of a word to a more specific context.

31. The least common process of word formation is .......... * The least common process of * Correct Answer: b. coinage

Explanation: Coinage is a relatively infrequent process compared to others like affixation or compounding.

32. Two words which have the same spelling but different meanings and pronunciations are said to be .......... * Two words which have the * Correct Answer: c. homographs

Explanation: Homographs have the same spelling but different meanings and pronunciations.

33. The words which are used in formal speech and writing , and borrowed from classical words are called .......... words. * The words which are used * Correct Answer: a. learned

Explanation: Learned words often have origins in Latin or Greek.

34. Which of the following words can be considered as an example of back formation process? * Which of the following words * Correct Answer: b. edit (editor)

Explanation: "Edit" was formed by removing the "-or" from "editor."

35. In word formation processes, taking only the beginning of the word and joining it at the end of another word is called ..... . * In word formation processes, * Correct Answer: b. blending

Explanation: Blending combines parts of two words.

36. Which of the following is an example of clipping? * Which of the following is * Correct Answer: d. fanatic = fan

Explanation: Clipping involves shortening words. "Fan" is a shortened form of "fanatic."

37. The Greek philosophy was occupied with the distinction between that which exists "by nature and that which exists" by convention, works as ordained by nature are also celled ......... * The Greek philosophy was * Correct Answer: c. onomatopoeia

Explanation: While the connection might seem indirect, onomatopoeia relates to sounds produced by nature, aligning somewhat with the concept of things existing "by nature."

38. Look al the following words: blowing; rats; unhappy; disaster; contamination. Which one of the morphemes is derivational? * Look al the following words: * Correct Answer: c. un-

Explanation: Derivational morphemes change the meaning or part of speech of a word. "-ing" is inflectional (forming the present participle), "dis-" and "-tion" are derivational.

39. The phonetic form of some words have actual characteristics of their meanings. These forms are technically called ………. * The phonetic form of some * Correct Answer: d. mimetic words

Explanation: Mimetic words imitate sounds or the meaning they represent.

40. In computer science, RAM is frequently used as a/n ………. To refer to ‘random access memory.’ * In computer science, RAM is * Correct Answer: d. acronym

Explanation: RAM stands for "Random Access Memory."

41. A new word is currently used namely [futsal] which is a reduced form of ‘football’ and ‘saloon.’ This process is technically called ………. * A new word is currently * Correct Answer: d. blending

Explanation: "Futsal" combines parts of "football" and "saloon."

42. Words such as 'pet' (loved household animal), 'fan' (devoted follower), 'pub' (public house) are cases of .......... * Words such as 'pet' (loved * Correct Answer: b. clippings

Explanation: These words are shortened forms of "pet animal," "fanatic," and "public house," respectively.

43. The words 'ad' and 'exam' are derived respectively from "advertisement" and "examination." This type of word formation is technically known as .......... * The words 'ad' and 'exam' * Correct Answer: d. clipping

Explanation: Both "ad" and "exam" are shortened forms of longer words.

44. Thousands of new cars find their ways to the market everyday, nevertheless, mine is still a junk, marked Fiat. The second clause is a(n) .......... * Thousands of new cars find * Correct Answer: d. metonymy

Explanation: Metonymy uses an associated term to refer to something else (Fiat represents the car brand).

45. The word "gasohol" which is used for a product made of "gasoline" and "alcohol" is produced as a result of ........... * The word "gasohol" which is * Correct Answer: d. blending

Explanation: "Gasohol" combines parts of "gasoline" and "alcohol."

46. In the sentence, When I'm ill, I want to see a doc, not a vet, the process of using “doc” and “vet” rather than “doctor” and “veteran” is called ........... * In the sentence, When I'm ill, * Correct Answer: c. clipping

Explanation: "Doc" and "vet" are shortened forms of "doctor" and "veterinarian."

47. In a language, the following pairs of words exist which correspond to singular and plural forms respectively.[sar sasar=head heads; hayat hahayat=life lives; giyah gigiyah=plant plants]. The process used in plural formation is called ........... * In a language, the following * Correct Answer: c. reduplication

Explanation: Reduplication involves repeating part or all of a word for grammatical purposes (like forming plurals).

48. The word "skyscraper" represents an example of .......... in the process of word formation. * The word "skyscraper" * Correct Answer: c. compounding

Explanation: "Skyscraper" is formed by combining "sky" and "scraper."

49. The combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is present in the process called ........... * The combining of two * Correct Answer: b. compounding

Explanation: Compounding involves combining two words to create a new one.

50. The reduction of a word of more than one syllable to a shorter one, often in casual speech, is carried out in the process of ........... * The reduction of a word * Correct Answer: d. clipping

Explanation: Clipping involves shortening words.

51. The word formation processes involved in using the word "snowball" as a verb are called ........... * The word formation processes * Correct Answer: a. compounding and conversion

Explanation: "Snowball" is a compound word, and using it as a verb involves a change in function (conversion).

52. The words "televise" and "edit" are examples of ........... * The words "televise" and * Correct Answer: c. back-formation

Explanation: Both words were created by removing affixes from existing words ("television," "editor").

53. The word "butter" in the sentence "How did you butter the toast?" is an example for the process of ........... * The word "butter" in the * Correct Answer: b. conversion

Explanation: "Butter" is a noun, but in the sentence, it's used as a verb.

54. Which of the following vocabulary items is NOT considered as an example of the compounding process in English? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: b. Politeness

Explanation: "Politeness" is derived from "polite" through the addition of the suffix "-ness."

55. Which of the following words is NOT an example of nominalization in English? * Which of the following words * Correct Answer: d. Firmly

Explanation: Nominalization involves creating nouns from other parts of speech. "Firmly" is an adverb.

56. The word formation process of .......... involves creating new vocabulary by translating the smorphemes of foreign language into native morphemes. * The word formation process * Correct Answer: c. calque

Explanation: Calque involves translating the meaning of foreign morphemes directly into the native language.

57. Rules used for indicating the types of words that can be used in each constituent are referred to as .......... rules. * Rules used for indicating the * Correct Answer: b. phrase structure

Explanation: Phrase structure rules define the grammatical structure of phrases.

58. A change in the function of a word is generally known as ........... * A change in the function * Correct Answer: c. conversion

Explanation: Conversion involves changing the part of speech of a word (e.g., noun to verb).

59. All of the following are idioms except for ........... * All of the following are * Correct Answer: a. bookcase

Explanation: "Bookcase" is a literal compound word, while the others are idiomatic expressions.

60. Any string of words for which the meaning of the whole expression cannot be determined from the meanings of the individual morphemes that make up the string is called a(n) ........... * Any string of words for * Correct Answer: b. idiom

Explanation: Idioms are expressions whose meaning is not literal or easily predictable from the individual words.

61. In the process of .........., there is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form. * In the process of .........., * Correct Answer: b. compounding

Explanation: Compounding involves combining two words to create a new one.

62. Acronyms are formed from ........... * Acronyms are formed from * Correct Answer: a. the initial letters of a set of other words

Explanation: Acronyms are formed from the initial letters of words in a phrase.

63. Which of the following words is NOT the product of the process of blending? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. Hotel

Explanation: "Hotel" is not a blend; it is a loanword from French.

64. The use of the repetition device as a means of inflectional marking is called ........... * The use of the repetition * Correct Answer: d. reduplication

Explanation: Reduplication involves repeating part or all of a word for grammatical purposes.

65. One of the least common processes of word formation in English is ........... * One of the least common * Correct Answer: a. coinage

Explanation: Coinage is a relatively infrequent process compared to others like affixation or compounding.

66. The most common word formation process in the production of new English words is ........... * The most common word * Correct Answer: a. compounding

Explanation: Compounding is a highly productive process in English, creating new words by combining existing ones.

67. The invention of totally new terms in a language is called ........... * The invention of totally * Correct Answer: d. coinage

Explanation: Coinage involves creating entirely new words.

68. Two ways of .......... words and phrases are the creation of acronyms and applying the back-formation process. * Two ways of .......... words * Correct Answer: b. shortening

Explanation: Acronyms and back-formation both result in shorter words.

69. Slang words are NOT usually created by the process of ........... * Slang words are NOT usually * Correct Answer: c. derivation

Explanation: Slang words are less likely to be formed through the addition of affixes (derivation).

70. The word "chunnel" referring to the project of constructing a tunnel under the English channel is an example of ........... * The word "chunnel" referring * Correct Answer: d. blending

Explanation: "Chunnel" combines parts of "channel" and "tunnel."

71. Characterizing the meaning of a word not in terms of its component feature, but in terms of its relationship to other words is treated as the analysis of ........... * Characterizing the meaning of * Correct Answer: c. lexical relations

Explanation: Lexical relations explore how words relate to each other (e.g., synonyms, antonyms, hyponymy).

72. The word-formation process involved in producing the underlined word in the sentence "Zee described the new toy as fantabulous.” is ........... * The word-formation process * Correct Answer: c. blending

Explanation: "Fantabulous" blends "fantastic" and "fabulous."

73. Which of the following utterances contains a reciprocal verb? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: b. Mandy and Jess are always arguing.

Explanation: "Arguing" implies a reciprocal action between Mandy and Jess.

74. Which of the following utterances contains an inchoative verb? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. The plant grew rapidly in the sunshine.

Explanation: "Grew" describes the beginning of a state (the plant becoming larger).

75. Which one of the following sentences contains a goal in terms of case grammar? * Which one of the following * Correct Answer: d. Barbara filled the room with flowers.

Explanation: "Flowers" is the goal of the action of filling.

76. Which of the following pair of sentences contains verbs that have the same valency? * Which of the following pair * Correct Answer: c. A strong wind blew outside. I drink a gallon of water a day.

Explanation: Both "blew" and "drink" are transitive verbs, requiring a direct object.

77. Which of the following sentences contains a dynamic verb? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: b. He read the book overnight.

Explanation: "Read" describes an action in progress.

78. Which of the following words is a strong verb in English? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. run

Explanation: Strong verbs show irregular past tense forms (e.g., "ran").

79. Which of the following is a stem? * Which of the following is * Correct Answer: c. con-

Explanation: A stem is the core part of a word to which affixes can be added.

80. The . . . . . . of a word in a language never changes. * The . . . . . . of a word * Correct Answer: a. etymology

Explanation: Etymology refers to the origin and history of a word, which remains constant.

81. Coinage is NOT ....... . * Coinage is NOT ....... . * Correct Answer: c. restricted to the formation of different trade names

Explanation: Coinage can create new words beyond just trade names.

82. The word /khodro/ in Farsi is an example of ………. * The word /khodro/ in * Correct Answer: a. borrowing

Explanation: "/Khodro/" is a loanword from French ("automobile").

83. The word "camcorder" in English was made through .. . . . . . . * The word "camcorder" in * Correct Answer: b. blending

Explanation: "Camcorder" blends "camera" and "recorder."

84. NASA is an . . . . . . . ; USA is .......... * NASA is an . . . . . . . ; * Correct Answer: c. acronym, an abbreviation

Explanation: NASA is an acronym (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), while USA is an abbreviation (United States of America).

85. Acronyms are . . . . , and abbreviations are . . . . . . . . * Acronyms are . . . . , and * Correct Answer: a. pronounced as a whole word - pronounced letter-by-letter

Explanation: Acronyms are pronounced as single words, while abbreviations are often pronounced letter by letter.

86. Which of the following words is NOT an example of clipping? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. wino

Explanation: "Wino" is not a clipped form of a longer word.

87. Narrowing is when a . . . . . . . * Narrowing is when a . . . . . . . * Correct Answer: d. word becomes restricted in usage to some particular objects

Explanation: Narrowing limits the meaning of a word to a more specific context.

88. The immense lexical productivity of the English language is mainly because of . . . . . . . . , * The immense lexical * Correct Answer: b. affixation

Explanation: Affixation (adding prefixes and suffixes) is a highly productive process in English.

89. Which of the following Farsi words has undergone multiple processes? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: a. /filmbardari/

Explanation: "/Filmbardari" likely involves borrowing (from English "film"), compounding ("film" and "bardari"), and possibly other processes.

90. Acronyms are .......... and abbreviations are ........... * Acronyms are .......... and * Correct Answer: a. pronounced as a whole word/pronounced letter by letter

Explanation: Acronyms are pronounced as single words, while abbreviations are often pronounced letter by letter.

91. The word "Xerox" which is the name of a British company, but is used by Persian speakers to refer to all types of copy machines is an example of ........... * The word "Xerox" which * Correct Answer: a. extension

Explanation: "Xerox" has been extended to refer to any photocopying process.

92. Words formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word are called ........... * Words formed from already * Correct Answer: c. back-formations

Explanation: Back-formation involves removing a supposed affix.

93. The process through which the word "editor" as a noun changes to "edit" and is used as a verb is called ........... * The process through which * Correct Answer: a. conversion

Explanation: Conversion involves changing the part of speech of a word.

94. The word "brunch" meaning "breakfast" and "lunch" is produced through ........... * The word "brunch" * Correct Answer: d. blending

Explanation: "Brunch" combines parts of "breakfast" and "lunch."

95. The word "Laser" is an example of ........... * The word "Laser" is * Correct Answer: a. acronym

Explanation: "Laser" is an acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation."

96. A necessary condition for lexical borrowing is the linguistic contact between the speakers of two different languages. This is called........... * A necessary condition for * Correct Answer: d. intercommunication

Explanation: Intercommunication between speakers of different languages facilitates the borrowing of words.

97. The list of morphemes in grammar is called ........... * The list of morphemes in * Correct Answer: b. lexicon

Explanation: The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, including morphemes.

**98. The word "gasohol" in English is an example of ........... ** * The word "gasohol" in * Correct Answer: a. blending

Explanation: "Gasohol" is a blend of "gasoline" and "alcohol."

99. Which of the following word formation processes is responsible for the immense lexical productivity of the English language? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: b. Affixation

Explanation: Affixation (adding prefixes and suffixes) is a highly productive process in English, creating numerous new words.

**100. The language used by poets and advertisers can be characterized as exploiting the .......... meanings of words. ** * The language used by * Correct Answer: b. associative

Explanation: Poets and advertisers often use words to evoke emotions and associations beyond their literal meanings.

101. When an individual has two systems of meanings for words in a bilingual situation e. g. French and English, linguists refer to it as ..........bilingualism. * When an individual has * Correct Answer: b. coordinate

Explanation: Coordinate bilingualism suggests that the individual has separate systems of meaning for each language.

**102. A word or phrase which is used in the attempt to avoid an unpleasant subject is called a ........... ** * A word or phrase which * Correct Answer: c. euphemism

Explanation: Euphemisms are used to soften or avoid harsh or unpleasant words.