Morphology

1. The English word "unhappiness" consists of ........... * The English word "unhappiness" * Correct Answer: d. a free morpheme and two bound morphemes

Explanation: * "happy" is the free morpheme (can stand alone). * "un-" and "-ness" are bound morphemes (cannot stand alone).

2. Take the following data into consideration: "credible" versus "incredible," and "possible" versus "impossible." In the above data, there are ........... * Take the following data into * Correct Answer: b. two morphemes and two allomorphs

Explanation: * There are two morphemes: the root (e.g., "cred," "pos") and the prefix ("in-"). * "in-" has two allomorphs: "in-" (before voiced sounds) and "im-" (before voiceless sounds).

3. According to linguists, .......... is the concrete representation of a morpheme. * According to linguists, * Correct Answer: b. allomorph

Explanation: Allomorphs are different phonetic or phonological realizations of the same morpheme.

4. The morpheme “ish” in the word "childishly" is an example of ........... * The morpheme “ish” in the * Correct Answer: b. derivational suffix

Explanation: "-ish" is a derivational suffix that changes the meaning of the word (from "child" to "childish").

5. The morpheme “ly” in the word "scholarly" is an example of ........... * The morpheme “ly” in the * Correct Answer: a. derivational suffix

Explanation: "-ly" is a derivational suffix that changes "scholar" (noun) into "scholarly" (adjective).

6. The phrase "the father's unhelpful answer" consists of ........... * The phrase "the father's * Correct Answer: d. 3 lexical, 1 functional, 2 derivational and 2 inflectional morphemes

Explanation: * Lexical: father, un, help, answer * Functional: the * Derivational: un-, -ful, -ness * Inflectional: 's (possessive), -s (plural)

7. Which of the following is a functional morpheme? * Which of the following is * Correct Answer: a. Because

Explanation: Functional morphemes are grammatical words like prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.

8. The morpheme “ish” in the word “childishly” is an example of ........... * The morpheme “ish” in the * Correct Answer: b. derivational suffix

Explanation: "-ish" is a derivational suffix that changes the meaning of the word (from "child" to "childish").

9. In the sentence "He expressed his views on the issues involved", ........... * In the sentence "He expressed * Correct Answer: d. there are only four lexical morphemes

Explanation: The lexical morphemes are: "he," "express," "view," "issue," and "involve."

10. The English phrase "the boy's selfishness" consists of ........... * The English phrase "the * Correct Answer: c. three free morphemes and three bound morphemes

Explanation: * Free: the, boy, self * Bound: -'s (possessive), -ish, -ness

11. A morpheme which is capable of being used independently but cannot be separated into smaller forms that also occur independently is called a ........... * A morpheme which is * Correct Answer: b. free morpheme

Explanation: Free morphemes can stand alone as words.

12. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word "............” * There is an inflectional * Correct Answer: c. fewer

Explanation: "-er" in "fewer" is an inflectional suffix indicating comparison.

13. Which of the following statements is not true? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. Derivational affixes always precede inflectional affixes.

Explanation: * Inflectional affixes generally follow derivational affixes (e.g., "unhappiness" - derivational, "unhappier" - inflectional).

14. Which of these sets of lexical items exhibits a derivational process? * Which of these sets of * Correct Answer: a. red, redden

Explanation: "Redden" is derived from "red" by adding the derivational suffix "-en."

15. Which of the following words does NOT contain an inflectional suffix? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: b. quickly

Explanation: "-ly" in "quickly" is a derivational suffix.

16. When ··········· morphemes ere attached to words, the derived word will have different word class than the root. * When ··········· morphemes ere * Correct Answer: d. derivational

Explanation: Derivational affixes often change the part of speech of a word (e.g., "happy" (adj.) -> "happiness" (noun)).

17. The words "water" and "butcher" .......... * The words "water" and * Correct Answer: a. are monomorphemic words

Explanation: Both "water" and "butcher" are single morphemes.

18. The English morphemes such as "and", "but," "when," "near," and "the" are examples of .......... morphemes. * The English morphemes such * Correct Answer: b. functional

Explanation: These are grammatical words that do not carry significant meaning on their own.

19. The English word "unwillingness" consists of .......... * The English word "unwillingness" * Correct Answer: b. one free morpheme and three bound morphemes

Explanation: * Free: will * Bound: un-, -ing, -ness

20. The smallest meaningful unit of a language is .......... * The smallest meaningful * Correct Answer: b. morpheme

Explanation: Morphemes are the smallest units of language that have meaning.

21. The word "internationally" has......... bound morpheme (s). * The word "internationally" * Correct Answer: a. three

Explanation: * "inter-" * "-national" * "-ly"

22. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns belong to the category of ..... morphemes. * Conjunctions, prepositions, * Correct Answer: c. functional

Explanation: These are grammatical words that do not carry significant meaning on their own.

23. Which of the following are inflectional morphemes? * Which of the following are * Correct Answer: b. s, er, ing

Explanation: These are examples of inflectional suffixes (plural, comparative, present participle).

24. We can propose ………. As the actual forms used to realize morphemes. * We can propose ………. As * Correct Answer: a. allomorphs

Explanation: Allomorphs are different phonetic or phonological realizations of the same morpheme.

25. In a hypothetical language, the following words do exist: lat 'play'; ulato 'plays; bon ‘box' ubono 'boxes'; kut 'chair'; ukuto 'chairs'. The plural morpheme in this language is an instance of .......... * In a hypothetical language, * Correct Answer: b. infix

Explanation: The plural morpheme is inserted within the root.

26. The word 'general' is an adjective, but 'generalize' is a verb. '-ize' is a/an .......... * The word 'general' is an * Correct Answer: a. derivative affix

Explanation: "-ize" is a derivational suffix that changes "general" (adjective) into "generalize" (verb).

**27. In the process of first language acquisition, .........., ** * In the process of first * Correct Answer: b. small function words are missing in telegraphic speech

Explanation: In the telegraphic stage, children omit words like "the," "a," "is," etc.

28. In a hypothetical language, the following words are frequently used: crop = book; ceraop = books; klit = bread; kelait = breads; stip = plate; setaip = plates. The plural morpheme in this language is a(n) ..........

a. interfix

b. infix

c. simulfix

d. prefix

Explanation: * A simulfix is a morpheme that involves both an addition and a change within the root. In this example, the plural is formed by adding "a" and changing the vowel of the root.

29. Ordinary nouns, adjectives, and verbs are referred to as .......... morphemes. * Ordinary nouns, adjectives, * Correct Answer: b. lexical

Explanation: Lexical morphemes carry the core meaning of a word.

30. The morpheme "er" in the word "smaller" is a .......... morpheme. * The morpheme "er" in the * Correct Answer: d. inflectional

Explanation: "-er" in "smaller" is an inflectional suffix indicating comparison.

31. Which of the following words consists of a derivational morpheme, a free morpheme, and an inflectional morpheme? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: a. Usefulness

Explanation: * "use" (free) + "-ful" (derivational) + "-ness" (derivational) + "-s" (inflectional)

32. Which of the following words contains an inflectional affix? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: b. Taken

Explanation: "-en" in "taken" is an inflectional suffix indicating the past participle.

33. The minimal units of syntax in a language are called ........... * The minimal units of * Correct Answer: b. words

Explanation: Words are the basic building blocks of syntax.

34. Infixes are special kinds of affixes which are inserted ........... * Infixes are special kinds * Correct Answer: a. within the root

Explanation: Infixes are inserted inside the root of a word.

35. The indefinite article in English is a(n) ........... morpheme. * The indefinite article in * Correct Answer: c. functional

Explanation: "a" and "an" are articles, which are functional morphemes.

36. The field of morphology is concerned with the study of ........... * The field of morphology * Correct Answer: d. forms

Explanation: Morphology studies the structure of words and how they are formed.

37. Which of the following represents a set of free morphemes? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. Girl, happy, book

Explanation: Free morphemes can stand alone as words.

38. Which of the following words does NOT contain an inflectional affix? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. Quickly

Explanation: "-ly" in "quickly" is a derivational suffix.

39. The study of the origin and development of words is called ........... * The study of the origin * Correct Answer: b. etymology

Explanation: Etymology is the study of the history of words.

40. A regular affix which does not usually change the part of speech and may occur only once at the very end of a word is called a(n) .......... morpheme. * A regular affix which * Correct Answer: b. inflectional

Explanation: Inflectional affixes typically do not change the part of speech and usually occur only once.

41. The process of nominalization involves the combination of a ........... * The process of nominalization * Correct Answer: d. verb and a derivational suffix

Explanation: Nominalization creates nouns from other parts of speech, often using derivational suffixes.

42. In the telegraphic stage of first language acquisition, the sentences produced by the child consist primarily of .......... morphemes. * In the telegraphic stage of * Correct Answer: a. lexical

Explanation: Children in the telegraphic stage primarily use content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives).

43. The immense lexical productivity of English language is mainly because of ........... * The immense lexical * Correct Answer: b. affixation

Explanation: The ability to add prefixes and suffixes (affixation) greatly increases the number of words in English.

44. The plural morpheme in English language has three different ........... * The plural morpheme in * Correct Answer: b. allomorphs

Explanation: The plural morpheme in English has three allomorphs: /s/ (cats), /z/ (dogs), /əz/ (horses).

45. The word .......... is a free morpheme. * The word .......... is a * Correct Answer: c. free

Explanation: "Free" can stand alone as a word.

46. Bound morphemes may be ........... * Bound morphemes may be * Correct Answer: d. a, b and c

Explanation: Bound morphemes can be prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.

47. All the following suffixes are bound morphemes except ........... * All the following suffixes * Correct Answer: c. free

Explanation: "Free" is not a suffix.

48. The word "yellow" is a .......... morpheme and the word "because" is a .......... one. * The word "yellow" is a * Correct Answer: a. lexical/functional

Explanation: "Yellow" is a content word (lexical), while "because" is a grammatical word (functional).

49. In the word ".........." the "a" should be treated as a bound morpheme. * In the word ".........." the * Correct Answer: d. AWOL (absent without leave)

Explanation: In "AWOL," "a" is part of the acronym and cannot stand alone.

50. The morpheme "ize" in the word "computerize" is a .......... morpheme. * The morpheme "ize" in the * Correct Answer: a. derivational

Explanation: "-ize" is a derivational suffix that changes the part of speech (in this case, from noun to verb).

51. There are .......... morphemes in the word "unbelievable. " * There are .......... morphemes * Correct Answer: b. three

Explanation: * "un-" * "believe" * "-able"

52. In the word "carelessness", .......... is a stem (root). * In the word "carelessness", * Correct Answer: a. care

Explanation: The stem is the core part of the word to which affixes are added.

53. The word "moralizers" is an English word composed of .......... morphemes. * The word "moralizers" is * Correct Answer: c. four

Explanation: * "moral" * "-ize" * "-er" * "-s"

54. In the word "encouragement", there .......... bound morpheme(s) and .......... free morpheme(s). * In the word "encouragement", * Correct Answer: c. are two/one

Explanation: * Bound: "en-", "-ment" * Free: "courage"

55. The suffix in the word ".........." is an inflectional suffix. * The suffix in the word * Correct Answer: c. taken

Explanation: "-en" in "taken" is an inflectional suffix.

56. Suffixes which do not change the part of speech of the words they are attached to and also there is only one in every word are called .......... suffixes. * Suffixes which do not * Correct Answer: a. inflectional

Explanation: Inflectional suffixes typically do not change the part of speech.

57. Which of the following words is NOT monomorphemic? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: a. shedder

Explanation: "Shedder" contains two morphemes: "shed" and "-er."

58. A lexeme can be in the form of a . . . . . . only. * A lexeme can be in the * Correct Answer: c. a word and its inflected forms

Explanation: * A lexeme represents a set of words that share the same meaning and differ only in grammatical features (e.g., "play," "plays," "playing," "played").

59. In the sentence, "The minister of education will speak tomorrow," there are .......... form words and .......... structure words. * In the sentence, "The * Correct Answer: b. four/three

Explanation: * Form words (content words): minister, education, speak, tomorrow * Structure words (function words): the, of, will

60. The .......... vocabulary is the one which a student is able to understand, but the .......... vocabulary is the one he is able to use. * The .......... vocabulary is * Correct Answer: d. passive/active

Explanation: * Passive vocabulary: words the student understands but cannot necessarily produce. * Active vocabulary: words the student can use in their own speech or writing.

61. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are classified as .......... and the rest such as conjunctions, articles et c. are called ........... * Nouns, verbs, adjectives and * Correct Answer: b. content words/function words

Explanation: * Content words (lexical morphemes) carry meaning. * Function words (grammatical morphemes) provide grammatical structure.

62. Which of the following techniques is concerned with investigating the distribution of forms (e. g. morphemes) in a language to characterize its structure? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. Structural analysis

Explanation: Structural analysis examines the distribution of linguistic units to understand their function within the language system.

63. Which of the following is NOT a lexeme? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. smoke the pipe of peace

Explanation: * A lexeme represents a single word or a set of related words. "Smoke the pipe of peace" is a phrase, not a single lexeme.

64. The difference between /pesaran/ and /pesarha/ in Farsi is a case of .. .. . variation. * The difference between * Correct Answer: b. allomorphic

Explanation: * Both words refer to "boys," but the plural morpheme has different realizations (/an/ vs. /ha/).

65. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. No morphemic difference exists between the singular and plural forms of the word SHEEP.

Explanation: * "Sheep" is an irregular plural, where the singular and plural forms are the same. This is a type of morphemic variation.

66. Lexicon is NOT . . . . . . . * Lexicon is NOT . . . . . . . * Correct Answer: d. the arrangement of words in a sentence

Explanation: * The lexicon is a vocabulary list or dictionary. Word order is a matter of syntax.

67. The smallest meaningful units of language are called . . . . . . . * The smallest meaningful * Correct Answer: a. morphemes

Explanation: Morphemes are the smallest units of language that have meaning.

68. The study of the . . . .. . . is NOT related to morphology. * The study of the . . . .. . . * Correct Answer: c. rules governing the arrangement of sounds in a word

Explanation: This falls under the domain of phonology.

69. Which one of the following groups is NOT a set of functional morphemes? * Which one of the following * Correct Answer: a. of, the, sad

Explanation: "Sad" is a lexical morpheme (adjective).

**70. Derivational morphemes in English . . . . . . ** * Derivational morphemes in * Correct Answer: b. are often borrowed from other languages

Explanation: Many derivational morphemes in English have origins in other languages (e.g., "un-" from French, "-able" from Latin).

71. The most common inflectional morphemes in English are ……… * The most common inflectional * Correct Answer: a. -s, -ing, -ed

Explanation: These are common for plural nouns, present participles, and past tense verbs, respectively.

72. Which one of the following groups is NOT a set of lexical morphemes? * Which one of the following * Correct Answer: d. ahead, big, run

Explanation: "Ahead" is a preposition (a functional morpheme).