Syntax

**1. Which of the following does NOT belong to the Chomskyan linguistic principles? ** * Which of the following * Correct Answer: a. Parole vs langue

Explanation: * Parole and langue are concepts from Ferdinand de Saussure's structuralism, not Chomsky's theory. * Chomsky's key principles include: * Competence vs. performance * Deep structure vs. surface structure * Phrase structure rules vs. transformational rules

**2. The statement, "No syntactic rule can make reference to pragmatic , phonological or semantic information." is what is commonly known as ........... ** * The statement, "No syntactic * Correct Answer: a. autonomous syntax principle

Explanation: * This principle posits that syntax operates independently of other linguistic levels like pragmatics, phonology, and semantics.

**3. A. Mehdi is eager to please. B. Mehdi is easy to please. Mehdi is the deep ........... ** * A. Mehdi is eager to * Correct Answer: d. object of “please” in A and deep subject of “please” in B

Explanation: * In "Mehdi is eager to please," Mehdi is the subject of the embedded clause "to please." * In "Mehdi is easy to please," Mehdi is the underlying subject of the embedded clause "to please" (though it appears in object position in the surface structure).

**4. The deep structure of the sentence "Mehdi cut Mehdi" changes to "Mehdi cut himself" by the application of ........... ** * The deep structure of * Correct Answer: d. reflexivization transformation

Explanation: Reflexivization is the transformation that replaces coreferential noun phrases with reflexive pronouns.

5. Study the following sentences: Jumping horses can be frightening. The pilot decided on an airplane. Parvin fed him lion meat.  ........... are ambiguous. * Study the following * Correct Answer: b. Only 1 and 2

Explanation: * "Jumping horses" can be interpreted as "horses that are jumping" or "horses that are used for jumping." * "The pilot decided on an airplane" could mean he decided to fly an airplane or decided to choose a particular airplane. * "Parvin fed him lion meat" is unambiguous.

**6. In the English sentence, "Mehdi and Parvin left when I arrived," we can detect ........... ** * In the English sentence, * Correct Answer: b. conjoining but not embedding

Explanation: * "Mehdi and Parvin" are conjoined by the conjunction "and." * There is no embedding of one clause within another.

**7. The two sentences "Mehdi wrote him a letter, " and "Mehdi wrote a letter to him," are related. The rule which relates the two is called a(n) ........... rule. ** * The two sentences "Mehdi * Correct Answer: c. optional transformation

Explanation: These two sentences have the same underlying meaning, but differ in their surface structure. An optional transformation allows for the variation in prepositional phrase placement.

**8. Which of the following expressions would NOT be generated by this phrase structure rule: NP Art (adj) N ? ** * Which of the following * Correct Answer: a. American English

Explanation: * "American English" is a proper noun and does not fit the pattern of "Article (Adjective) Noun."

**9. Revised Extended standard theory is also called ........... ** * Revised Extended standard * Correct Answer: d. trace theory

Explanation: Trace theory is a key component of the Revised Extended Standard Theory, which accounts for the movement of constituents within a sentence by leaving "traces" in their original positions.

**10. Linguistic competence is ........... ** * Linguistic competence is * Correct Answer: d. the unconscious internalized knowledge about sounds, meaning and syntax

Explanation: Linguistic competence refers to the speaker's innate, unconscious knowledge of the rules of their language.

**11. The two sentences : “The man works hard” “You saw the man,” can be expressed as "The man whom you saw works hard. " as a result of the application of a(n) ........... ** * The two sentences : “The * Correct Answer: a. redundancy rule

Explanation: This is incorrect. The transformation applied here is relativization.

**12. Transformational rules are rules which ........... ** * Transformational rules are * Correct Answer: a. change or move constituents in structures

Explanation: Transformations alter the arrangement of words in a sentence, deriving surface structures from underlying deep structures.

**13. The deep structure of the sentence, "Parvin cut Parvin" changes to "Parvin cut herself, " by the application of .......... transformation. ** * The deep structure of * Correct Answer: d. reflexivization

Explanation: Reflexivization replaces coreferential noun phrases with reflexive pronouns.

14. Which of the following sentences would NOT be generated by a given set of phrase structure rules? S --> NP VP; VP-->V NP; NP --> (Art) N; V--> wrote, gave, invited, saw; N--> man, letter, Ahmad, teacher * Which of the following * Correct Answer: b. The man gave a letter to the teacher.

Explanation: * The given rules cannot generate prepositional phrases (PPs). * The sentence "The man gave a letter to the teacher" contains the prepositional phrase "to the teacher."

**15. "Both Parvin and Mehdi arrived in Teheran yesterday. " In this sentence we can detect ........... ** * "Both Parvin and Mehdi * Correct Answer: b. conjoining but not embedding

Explanation: * "Parvin and Mehdi" are conjoined by the conjunction "and." * There is no embedding of one clause within another.

**16. Transformational grammarians are different from structural linguists because transformationalists seek to describe ........... ** * Transformational grammarians * Correct Answer: c. a speaker's competence

Explanation: Transformational grammarians aim to model the underlying rules and structures that represent the speaker's internalized knowledge of language.

**17. In Chomsky's standard theory, the information necessary for deriving the meaning of the sentence is present in ........... ** * In Chomsky's standard * Correct Answer: d. the deep structure

Explanation: According to the standard theory, the deep structure contains the underlying semantic representation of the sentence.

**18. Which of the following does NOT belongs to Chomskyan linguistic principles? ** * Which of the following * Correct Answer: a. Parole vs langue

Explanation: * Parole and langue are concepts from Ferdinand de Saussure's structuralism, not Chomsky's theory. * Chomsky's key principles include: * Competence vs. performance * Deep structure vs. surface structure * Phrase structure rules vs. transformational rules

**19. The following expressions are all meant to have the same deep structure Which one is the closest to the deep structure? ** * The following expressions * Correct Answer: b. My professor is old is going to Tehran tomorrow

Explanation: * Deep structures are more abstract representations, closer to the underlying meaning. * Option "b" represents a more basic, less surface-oriented arrangement.

20. Which of the following sentences are NOT generated by the following rules: S --> NP VP; VP --> V(NP)(PP) * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. My sister is clever.

Explanation: * The given rules cannot generate the adjective phrase "is clever."

21. Which of the following sentences cannot be produced by the given set of phrase structure rules? S--> NP VP; NP --> (Art) (Adj) N; VP--> V NP * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. George saw a horse yesterday

Explanation: * The given rules do not allow for adverbs (like "yesterday") within the VP.

**22. The .......... attempts to account for the data by establishing semantic interpretation rules to apply both to deep and surface structures. ** * The .......... attempts to * Correct Answer: b. interpretive semantics

Explanation: Interpretive semantics, as the name suggests, seeks to interpret meaning at both the deep and surface levels.

**23. The assumption that the two forms of "He came here yesterday,”and “Yesterday, he came here.” carry the same meaning provides support for ........... ** * The assumption that the * Correct Answer: b. standard theory

Explanation:

• The standard theory posits that transformations do not alter the underlying meaning of a sentence. Since the two sentences convey the same meaning, it supports the idea that they are derived from the same underlying structure through transformations.

**24. The sentence "I know Joe will arrive by midnight" includes .......... transformation. ** * The sentence "I know Joe * Correct Answer: c. an embedding

Explanation:

• The sentence contains a subordinate clause ("Joe will arrive by midnight") embedded within the main clause.

**25. Which of the following sentences provides evidence for the rule that a noun phrase can also consist of a noun plus a sentence at the deep structure level? ** * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. That he is fond of music is not surprising.

Explanation:

• In this sentence, the noun phrase "that he is fond of music" contains a complete sentence.

**26. In the sentence “John opened the door with a key" the door is ........... and John is .......... ** * In the sentence “John * Correct Answer: c. patient/agent

Explanation:

• The door is the entity that undergoes the action of being opened (patient).
• John is the agent, the one performing the action.

**27. The constituent structures and the constituent types of which a sentence is composed of are referred to as .......... ** * The constituent structures * Correct Answer: b. phrase structure

Explanation: Phrase structure rules describe how sentences are built up from smaller constituent parts.

**28. Which of the following expressions would not be generated by this phrase structure rule:  NP --> (Art) Adj N (s) * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. the boy who came

Explanation:

• The rule allows for an optional "s" after the noun, but not for embedded clauses.

**29. Chomsky’s Extended Standard theory hypothesizes that .......... ** * Chomsky’s Extended Standard * Correct Answer: a. transformations are meaning preserving

Explanation:

• In the Extended Standard Theory, transformations are generally assumed to be meaning-preserving.

**30. The sentence "Mary lost her red purse." can be brought to the surface by transformations such as .........., respectively. ** * The sentence "Mary lost * Correct Answer: a. adjective inversion, relative reduction, and relativization

Explanation:

• Adjective inversion might be involved in the internal structure of the noun phrase "her red purse."
• Relativization could apply if the sentence were to be embedded in a larger context (e.g., "The woman who lost her red purse was upset.").
• Relative reduction could simplify a relative clause.

**31. The constituent structure rule like "NP ( d (adj n" for NP can generate the following noun phrases except .......... ** * The constituent structure * Correct Answer: b. young boys

Explanation:

• The rule allows for a determiner (d), an optional adjective, and a noun.
• "Young boys" lacks a determiner.

**32. Which one of the following sentences can NOT be generated by the given constituent rules? S --> NP VP; NP--> (Art) (Adj) N; VP--> V (NP) ** * Which one of the following * Correct Answer: a. The counselor referred the best students to Harvard.

Explanation:

• The given rules cannot generate prepositional phrases (PPs), such as "to Harvard."

**33. What is the participant role of the wind in “the wind opened the door”? ** * What is the participant * Correct Answer: c. Instrument

Explanation:

• The wind is the instrument that causes the door to open.

**34. Which one of the following is a performative sentence? ** * Which one of the following * Correct Answer: d. I congratulated him on his success.

Explanation:

• A performative sentence explicitly states the speech act being performed (e.g., congratulating).

**35. Which of the following accounts for linear order of words in language? ** * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. Phrase structure rules

Explanation:

• Phrase structure rules determine the hierarchical arrangement of words within a sentence, which directly influences the linear order.

**36. Alongside comprehension and production of grammatical sentences, native speakers are able to ·········. ** * Alongside comprehension and * Correct Answer: d. make judgments about grammaticality of different sentences

Explanation: Native speakers have an intuitive understanding of the grammaticality of sentences in their language.

**37. The set of sentences : She likes books. You know that she likes books. He told me that you know that she likes books. is an example of ·········. ** * The set of sentences : * Correct Answer: b. Recursion

Explanation:

• Recursion allows for the embedding of clauses within other clauses, creating increasingly complex sentences.

**38. Which of the following set of lexical items indicate the distribution of 'case forms' in English? ** * Which of the following * Correct Answer: a. he - his - him

Explanation:

• "He," "his," and "him" are different case forms of the same pronoun, demonstrating how case affects the form of a word.

**39. Which sentence is true about transformations? ** * Which sentence is true * Correct Answer: a. Some transformations are obligatory.

Explanation:

• Some transformations are obligatory, meaning they must apply to derive certain grammatical structures.

**40. In the sentence The mason built them a new house', the role ofthem' is .......... ** * In the sentence `The mason * Correct Answer: d. benefactive

Explanation:

• "Them" is the beneficiary of the action, as the house is built for them.

**41.The revised extended standard theory suggests that all semantic interpretation occurs in ………. ** * The revised extended * Correct Answer: c. both surface and deep structures

Explanation:

• The revised extended standard theory recognizes the importance of both deep and surface structures in semantic interpretation.

**42. X-bar syntax was originally developed as a mechanism to show the .......... category syntax. ** * X-bar syntax was originally * Correct Answer: b. phrasal

Explanation:

• X-bar syntax provides a general framework for describing the internal structure of phrases.

**43. Performative sentences ........... ** * Performative sentences * Correct Answer: a. include a performative verb

Explanation:

• Performative verbs explicitly state the speech act being performed (e.g., "I promise," "I order," "I declare").

**44. The sentence "Sam studied all night but didn't pass the exam" exemplifies ........... ** * The sentence "Sam studied * Correct Answer: a. conjoining

Explanation:

• The sentence contains two clauses ("Sam studied all night" and "didn't pass the exam") joined by the conjunction "but."

**45. According to the revised extended standard theory, ........... ** * According to the revised * Correct Answer: c. traces are available at surface structure

Explanation:

• Trace theory, a component of the Revised Extended Standard Theory, posits that traces are left behind in the surface structure where constituents have been moved by transformations.

**46. The structure "Children want something-the children leave" ........... ** * The structure "Children want * Correct Answer: c. can change into "The children want to leave" through a single transformation

Explanation:

• This illustrates the transformation of Equi NP Deletion, where the coreferential subject of the embedded clause is deleted.

**47. In "I have stopped cheating on exams," ........... ** * In "I have stopped * Correct Answer: b. there is a phenomenon described as entailment

Explanation:

• If "I have stopped cheating on exams," it entails that "I used to cheat on exams."

**48. In all languages, deictics .......... ** * In all languages, deictics * Correct Answer: d. may have different references according to context

Explanation:

• Deictics (pronouns, demonstratives, time and place adverbs) derive their meaning from the context of utterance.

**49. In the sentence "The man put the letter in the envelope", .......... ** * In the sentence "The man * Correct Answer: d. an NP and a PP constitute the VP node

Explanation: * In this sentence, the Verb Phrase (VP) consists of the verb "put" followed by the Noun Phrase "the letter" and the Prepositional Phrase "in the envelope."

**50. In "I failed the exam, which made me sad," the word WHICH .......... ** * In "I failed the exam, * Correct Answer: c. has a clause as its antecedent

Explanation: * "Which" is a relative pronoun that introduces a relative clause ("which made me sad"). The antecedent of this relative clause is the entire preceding clause ("I failed the exam").

**51. What are the deictic expressions in the sentence: “They'll have to do that tomorrow."? ** * What are the deictic * Correct Answer: d. they, that, tomorrow

Explanation: * Deictic expressions are words whose meaning depends on the context of the utterance. * "They" refers to specific individuals in the context. * "That" refers to something previously mentioned or understood from the context. * "Tomorrow" refers to a specific time relative to the moment of speaking.

**52. Which NP constituent in the following sentences can be postposed? ** * Which NP constituent in * Correct Answer: c. John loved Mary not Susan.

Explanation: * In this sentence, the NP "not Susan" can be postposed: "John loved Mary, not Susan." This is a common way to emphasize the contrasting element.

**53. The view of grammar as a set of rules for the proper use of language is still to be found today and may be best characterized as the ..... ** * The view of grammar * Correct Answer: c. prescriptive approach

Explanation:

• Prescriptive grammar focuses on rules that dictate how language should be used, often based on traditional or socially-approved norms.

**54. What are the deictic expressions in the following statement? “I am busy now so you can't do that here.” ** * What are the deictic * Correct Answer: b. now, I, you, that, here

Explanation: * "I" and "you" are personal pronouns, referring to the speaker and the listener, respectively. * "now" refers to the current time. * "that" refers to something previously mentioned or understood from the context. * "here" refers to the location of the speaker.

**55. The phrase 'French history teacher’ is an example of ........... . ** * The phrase 'French history * Correct Answer: a. structural ambiguity

Explanation:

• This phrase can be interpreted in two ways:
  • A teacher of French history
  • A French teacher of history

**56. The transformational rules applied to the sentence: "Mary whose mother was released from prison last year feeds her baby peanuts and drinks" are as follows: ** * The transformational rules * Correct Answer: b. a conjoining, a relativization and an embedding

Explanation:

• The sentence involves:
  • Conjoining: "feeds her baby peanuts and drinks"
  • Relativization: "whose mother was released from prison last year"
  • Embedding: The relative clause is embedded within the noun phrase "Mary."

**57. A: Who is going to wash the dishes? B: Mary is. The above dialog demonstrates an example of ............ ** * A: Who is going to * Correct Answer: c. ellipsis

Explanation:

• In the response "Mary is," the verb "is" and the rest of the verb phrase ("going to wash the dishes") are omitted, as they are understood from the context of the question.

**58. Since the early days of grammatical study, words have been grouped into word classes traditionally labeled the ".......... ". ** * Since the early days * Correct Answer: b. parts of speech

Explanation:

• Traditional grammar categorizes words into parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.

**59. The American linguist, Charles Fillmore, devised a theory which on the semantic roles or .......... played by elements of sentence structures such as agent, patient, goal et * The American linguist, * Correct Answer: d. cases

Explanation:

• Charles Fillmore developed Case Grammar, which focuses on the semantic roles or "cases" that nouns play within a sentence (e.g., agent, patient, instrument, experiencer).

**60. In the following sentence: "John's mother told him to stay at home" there are ......... ** * In the following sentence: * Correct Answer: c. one finite clause and one non-finite clause

Explanation: * "John's mother told him" is a finite clause (contains a finite verb "told"). * "to stay at home" is a non-finite clause (contains the infinitive verb "to stay").

**61. Every sentence begins with a noun phrase in SVO languages. Every subject is followed by a ver * Every sentence begins * Correct Answer: b. syntactic rules

Explanation:

• These generalizations about sentence structure reflect underlying syntactic rules of SVO languages (Subject-Verb-Object).

**62. The expressions I, you, here, there, that, this, tomorrow, yesterday, et * The expressions I, you, * Correct Answer: c. Deictics

Explanation:

• Deictic expressions are words whose meaning depends on the context of the utterance, such as the speaker's location, time of speaking, and the identity of the listener.

**63. Which of the following sentences does NOT contain a performative verb? ** * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. I try to be honest in my words .

Explanation:

• Performative verbs explicitly state the speech act being performed (e.g., "I promise," "I order," "I declare"). "Try" does not directly perform an action.

64. Which of the following is NOT proposed as a characteristics of language by T-G grammar? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: a. All languages are reciprocal.

Explanation:

• Transformational-Generative (T-G) grammar emphasizes characteristics like:
  • Productiveness: The ability to create an infinite number of sentences.
  • Displacement: The ability to talk about things not present in the immediate context.
  • Duality of structure: Language has both meaningful units (morphemes) and meaningless units (phonemes).

65. According to Chomsky, meaning resides in the .......... of language. * According to Chomsky, * Correct Answer: d. base structure

Explanation:

• In Chomsky's theory, the base component, which includes the lexicon and phrase structure rules, generates the deep structure, which is the underlying representation of meaning.

66. Which of the following is NOT a type of transformational rules? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. Derivation

Explanation:

• While derivation is a related concept in morphology (word formation), the main types of transformations in syntax are:
  • Deletion
  • Insertion
  • Substitution
  • Movement

67. Chomsky theorized that the innate logical structure of the child's nervous system conforms with the ........... * Chomsky theorized that * Correct Answer: d. abstract universal categories of languages

Explanation:

• Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar proposes that children are born with an innate understanding of certain universal principles of language structure.

68. The movement of a word within a sentence to the front position is referred to as ........... * The movement of a * Correct Answer: b. topicalization

Explanation:

• Topicalization is a transformation that moves a constituent to the beginning of a sentence to give it special emphasis.

69. A kind of grammar which is capable of accounting for all the well-formed syntactic structures of the language in terms of rules and fails to account for any ill-formed structures is called .......... grammar. * A kind of grammar * Correct Answer: c. generative

Explanation:

• Generative grammar aims to describe the underlying rules that generate all and only the grammatically correct sentences of a language.

70. The constituents of the sentence, "The boy followed the cat" are ........... * The constituents of the * Correct Answer: d. NP VP NP

Explanation: * NP: Noun Phrase ("The boy") * VP: Verb Phrase ("followed the cat") * NP: Noun Phrase ("the cat")

71. The main purpose of the study of language in Chomsky's view is to ........... * The main purpose of the * Correct Answer: d. discover how human language and mind interact

Explanation: * Chomsky believed that studying language provides insights into the structure of the human mind and how it processes information.

72. The set of rules which can change or move constituents in the structures which derive form the phrase structure rules are called .......... rules. * The set of rules which * Correct Answer: b. transformational

Explanation: * Transformational rules are responsible for changing the order and arrangement of constituents within a sentence, deriving surface structures from underlying deep structures.

**73. A passive sentence and its active equivalent have ........... ** * A passive sentence and * Correct Answer: b. the same deep structure

Explanation: * In transformational grammar, passive and active sentences are considered to have the same underlying deep structure, with transformations altering the surface order.

74. The set of principles according to which words are combined into sentences in a language is called the .......... of the language. * The set of principles * Correct Answer: b. syntax

Explanation: * Syntax is the study of the rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences in a language.

75. We can detect the process of .......... in the sentence, "I know Ali will arrive by midnight." * We can detect the * Correct Answer: b. embedding

Explanation:

• The sentence contains a subordinate clause ("Ali will arrive by midnight") embedded within the main clause.

76. According to the .........., in a descriptive grammar, all semantic interpretation occurs at the level of surface structure. * According to the .........., * Correct Answer: a. standard theory of semantic interpretation

Explanation:

• In the standard theory, semantic interpretation is primarily assigned at the level of surface structure.

77. The abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented is called the .......... structure. * The abstract level of * Correct Answer: d. deep

Explanation:

• The deep structure represents the underlying, abstract level of sentence structure, containing all the information necessary for semantic interpretation.

78. What kind of transformational rule is applied to the sentence: "The book on the table is my brother's."? * What kind of transformational * Correct Answer: b. Relative reduction

Explanation:

• This sentence likely originated from a relative clause: "The book that is on the table is my brother's." The relative pronoun "that" and the auxiliary verb "is" have been reduced.

79. Which transformational rule has been applied to form the sentence, "The old man is kind enough to help you”? * Which transformational rule * Correct Answer: c. Adjective inversion

Explanation:

• Adjective inversion involves the movement of an adjective phrase to a position before the verb.

80. The Chomskyan view that language development should be described as "language growth," seems to underestimate the importance of .......... in the child's development of language. * The Chomskyan view that * Correct Answer: c. environment and experience

Explanation:

• While Chomsky emphasized innate linguistic abilities, later research has highlighted the crucial role of environmental factors and social interaction in language acquisition.

81. Chomsky's generative grammar did NOT deal with the differences between .......... and ........... * Chomsky's generative grammar * Correct Answer: c. parole/langue

Explanation:

• Parole and langue are concepts from Saussurean linguistics, not central to Chomsky's early work. Chomsky focused on competence (internalized knowledge) versus performance (actual language use).

82. The rule (S-->NP VP ) is a .......... rule. * The rule (S-->NP VP * Correct Answer: c. constituent structure

Explanation:

• This rule is a fundamental phrase structure rule, defining how a sentence (S) is composed of a Noun Phrase (NP) and a Verb Phrase (VP).

83. Generalizations about the surface structure of sentences in a language are expressed in the form of .......... rules. * Generalizations about the * Correct Answer: b. phrase-structure

Explanation:

• Phrase structure rules describe the underlying structure of sentences and how constituents are organized.

84. The productive nature of syntax is due to the two basic processes of .......... and ........... * The productive nature of * Correct Answer: a. conjoining /embedding

Explanation:

• Conjoining allows for the combination of multiple phrases or clauses, while embedding allows for the inclusion of one clause within another, both contributing to the infinite creativity of language.

85. The minimal units of syntax in a language are called ........... * The minimal units of * Correct Answer: b. phrases

Explanation:

• While words are the basic building blocks of language, phrases (e.g., noun phrases, verb phrases) are the minimal units of syntactic structure.

86. The constituent structure rules and the lexicon constitute the .......... component in Chomskyan grammar. * The constituent structure * Correct Answer: a. base

Explanation:

• The base component of Chomsky's grammar includes the rules that generate the underlying deep structures of sentences.

87. According to Chomskyan linguistics, the universal aspects of language .......... children. * According to Chomskyan * Correct Answer: a. do not have to be learned by

Explanation:

• Chomsky's theory posits that children are born with an innate understanding of universal grammatical principles, which they don't need to explicitly learn.

88. Those aspects of the syntax of a sentence that can be determined by investigating its written or spoken form is called .......... structure. * Those aspects of the * Correct Answer: c. surface

Explanation:

• Surface structure refers to the actual, observable form of a sentence as it appears in speech or writing.

89. Which of the following phrase structure rules is non-English? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. VP-->PP V

Explanation:

• In English, the typical order is Verb-Phrase (VP) -> Verb (V) Noun Phrase (NP) (Prepositional Phrase (PP)). The order PP-V is not a common or typical structure in English.

90. The deep structure, "Marvin expects Marvin to win the game," changes to "Marvin expects to win the game," by the application of the .......... transformation. * The deep structure, * Correct Answer: a. equi NP deletion

Explanation:

• Equi NP deletion removes the coreferential subject of an embedded clause when it is identical to the subject of the main clause.

91. Which of the following transformations is an optional one in English grammar? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. The relative reduction transformation

Explanation:

• Relative reduction (e.g., "the man who lives here" -> "the man living here") is an optional transformation that can simplify relative clauses.

92. Which transformation has been applied in the following sentence?Martin saw Bob cheat in the test. * Which transformation has * Correct Answer: d. That-insertion

Explanation:

• "That" has been inserted before the embedded clause ("Bob cheat in the test").

93. Which of the following is NOT true about Chomsky's trace theory or revised extended standard theory? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: b. The meaning of a sentence is determined by the surfaces structure

Explanation:

• Trace theory emphasizes the importance of both deep and surface structures in determining meaning.

94. Transformational grammar ........... * Transformational grammar * Correct Answer: c. is not a pedagogical device

Explanation:

• While transformational grammar provides insights into the structure of language, it is not directly designed as a method for teaching language.

95. In Chomskyan linguistic, the main goal is to ........... * In Chomskyan linguistic, * Correct Answer: b. reach an understanding of the human mind through studying language

Explanation:

• Chomsky believed that studying language provides a window into the workings of the human mind and its cognitive capacities.

**96. The main implication of Chomsky's standard theory was that ........... ** * The main implication of * Correct Answer: b. syntax is autonomous

Explanation:

• Chomsky's standard theory emphasized the autonomy of syntax, meaning that syntactic rules operate independently of semantic or pragmatic considerations.

97. Which of the following statements is NOT true about syntax? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. All aspects of syntax are directly observable through the surface of a sentence.

Explanation:

• Syntax also deals with underlying structures (deep structure) that are not directly observable on the surface.

98. In the sentence "The boys bought the balls," the .......... constituents would be "boys" and "balls" which cannot be divided further. * In the sentence "The * Correct Answer: d. ultimate

Explanation:

• Ultimate constituents are the smallest indivisible units within a sentence. In this case, "boys" and "balls" are single words and cannot be further broken down into smaller syntactic units.

99. The objective in .......... is to describe the language. The purpose of .......... is more than a description; it is an understanding of the total language process. * The objective in * Correct Answer: c. descriptive linguistics/generative transformational linguistics

Explanation:

• Descriptive linguistics aims to accurately describe the observed features of a language.
• Generative transformational linguistics seeks to understand the underlying rules and principles that generate the possible sentences of a language.

100. Transformational rules are ........... * Transformational rules are * Correct Answer: a. deletion, insertion, substitution and movement

Explanation:

• These are the primary types of operations that transformational rules can perform on sentence structures.

101. The type of transformation used to change the deep structure "From Tehran to Arak is 240 Km, " into the surface structure, "It is 240 km from Tehran to Arak, " is ........... * The type of transformation * Correct Answer: d. movement

Explanation:

• This transformation involves the movement of the prepositional phrase "From Tehran to Arak" to the end of the sentence.

102. "The possible forms of arrangement of words in phrases and sentences" This is the definition for ........... * "The possible forms of * Correct Answer: b. syntax

Explanation:

• Syntax is the study of how words are arranged and combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences.

103. The deep structure of the sentence, "Trying to get tickets was difficult" changes to "It was difficult trying to get tickets, " by the application of .......... transformation. * The deep structure of * Correct Answer: c. extraposition

Explanation:

• Extraposition moves a heavy or complex constituent (in this case, the gerund phrase "trying to get tickets") to the end of the sentence.

**104. The sentence, "Both Jack and John have passed the exam," contains ........... ** * The sentence, "Both Jack * Correct Answer: d. conjoining but not embedding

Explanation:

• The sentence involves the conjoining of two noun phrases ("Jack" and "John") using the conjunction "and." There is no embedding of one clause within another.

**105. The phrase structure rule NP-->Art (adj) N can produce all of the following sentences except ........... ** * The phrase structure rule * Correct Answer: b. English language

Explanation:

• "English language" does not fit the pattern of the rule. It lacks an article (a/an/the) and the adjective is part of the noun itself.

106. Which of the following statements is NOT correct according to Chomky's Standard Theory? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: a. No transformation is obligatory.

Explanation:

• Some transformations are considered obligatory in the standard theory, such as those related to subject-verb agreement.

107. Which of the following transformations exists in the sentence " The captain put that ship about" ? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: b. particle-movement

Explanation:

• "Put about" is a phrasal verb. In this sentence, the particle "about" has moved after the object ("that ship").

108. Which transformation has been applied in the following sentence? "Martin saw Bob cheat in that test." * Which transformation has * Correct Answer: d. That-insertion

Explanation:

• "That" has been inserted before the embedded clause ("Bob cheat in the test").

109. Chomsky's description of grammar is . . . . . . * Chomsky's description of * Correct Answer: b. recursive

Explanation:

• Chomsky's grammar is recursive, meaning it allows for the repeated application of rules to create an infinite number of sentences.

110. Which of the following is NOT a transformation? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: a. paraphrase

Explanation:

• Paraphrase refers to different ways of expressing the same meaning. While related to transformations, it is not itself a type of transformation.

111. Which of the following sentences is NOT true about Chomsky's Trace Theory or Revised Extended Standard Theory? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: b. The meaning of a sentence is determined by the surfaces structure

Explanation:

• Trace theory recognizes the importance of both deep and surface structures in determining meaning.

112. Transformational grammar . . . . . . * Transformational grammar * Correct Answer: c. is not a pedagogical device

Explanation:

• While transformational grammar provides insights into the structure of language, it is not directly designed as a method for teaching language.

113. Which of the following is used as a proof for the existence of the deep structure and surface structure dichotomy? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. transformations

Explanation:

• Transformations demonstrate that sentences can have different surface forms while maintaining the same underlying meaning, supporting the existence of distinct deep and surface structures.

114. The surface structure of a sentence is . . . . . . and can . . . . . . lead us to trace the exact deep structure of that very sentence. * The surface structure of * Correct Answer: c. concrete, often

Explanation:

• Surface structure is the observable form of a sentence. While it can provide clues about the underlying deep structure, it's not always possible to definitively trace the exact deep structure from the surface form due to ambiguities and the potential for multiple underlying structures to generate the same surface form.

115. Grammatically speaking, a sentence is ………. * Grammatically speaking, a * Correct Answer: d. constructed systematically of units called constituents

Explanation:

• Sentences are not random strings of words. They are built up systematically from smaller units (constituents) such as noun phrases, verb phrases, etc., according to the rules of the language's grammar.

116. An Ambiguous sentence has ………. * An Ambiguous sentence * Correct Answer: b. one surface and two different deep structures

Explanation:

• An ambiguous sentence has the same surface form but can be interpreted in two or more different ways, indicating that it derives from two distinct underlying deep structures.

117. Alongside comprehending and producing grammatical sentences, speakers are able to . . . . . * Alongside comprehending and * Correct Answer: a. make judgments about the grammaticality of different sentences

Explanation:

• Native speakers have an intuitive understanding of the grammaticality of sentences in their language, even if they cannot explicitly articulate the grammatical rules.

118. Which of the following statements is true? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: d. A particle is part of the VP directly but a preposition is part of the PP.

Explanation:

• Particles are part of the verb phrase (VP), while prepositions typically head their own prepositional phrase (PP).

119. Which of the following statements is NOT correct about transformations? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. Transformations always apply directly to a deep structure to generate surface structures.

Explanation:

• Transformations can also apply to intermediate structures derived from earlier transformations.

120. The relative reduction transformation is . . . . . . . and the equi NP deletion transformation is ………. * The relative reduction * Correct Answer: b. optional, obligatory

Explanation:

• Relative reduction (e.g., "the man who lives here" -> "the man living here") is an optional transformation.
• Equi NP deletion (e.g., "John wants John to go" -> "John wants to go") is generally considered obligatory.

121. The ordering of the . . . . . . . transformation with respect to the . . . . . transformation is highly decisive. * The ordering of the * Correct Answer: d. relativization, particle movement

Explanation:

• The order of these transformations can significantly affect the resulting surface structure.

122. A theory of linguistic competence accounts for a/n ...... form of language; a theory of linguistic performance accounts for a/n . ..... form of language. * A theory of linguistic * Correct Answer: b. idealized, actual

Explanation:

• Linguistic competence refers to the internalized, idealized knowledge of language.
• Linguistic performance refers to the actual use of language in real-world situations, which can be influenced by factors like memory limitations, distractions, and social context.

123. Conjoining may result in ....... sentences and embedding in ....... sentences. * Conjoining may result in * Correct Answer: d. compound, complex

Explanation:

• Conjoining joins two or more clauses to form a compound sentence.
• Embedding involves incorporating one clause within another, resulting in a complex sentence.

124. Recursion is a characteristic of language through which . . . . . . . * Recursion is a * Correct Answer: d. constituent structure rules can apply infinitely to make infinitely long sentences

Explanation:

• Recursion allows for the repeated application of rules, enabling the creation of infinitely long and complex sentences.

**125. Which one of the following sentences contains a relative reduction transformation? ** * Which one of the following * Correct Answer: b. A young soldier covered with blood was crawling on the ground.

Explanation:

• This sentence likely originated from "A young soldier who was covered with blood was crawling on the ground." The relative pronoun "who" and the auxiliary verb "was" have been reduced.

126. The adjective inversion transformation follows the ....... transformation. * The adjective inversion * Correct Answer: a. relativization

Explanation:

• Adjective inversion often occurs within relative clauses.

127. The base component is concerned with . . . . . . . * The base component is * Correct Answer: c. constituent structure rules and lexicon

Explanation:

• The base component generates the underlying deep structures of sentences by applying constituent structure rules to lexical items.

128. The syntactic component is concerned with the . . . . . . . . * The syntactic component * Correct Answer: a. conversion of deep into surface structure

Explanation:

• The syntactic component houses the transformational rules that convert deep structures into surface structures.

129. The standard theory of interpretive semantics . . . .. . . * The standard theory of * Correct Answer: c. assigns all meaning to the final arrangement of the sentence

Explanation:

• In the standard theory, meaning is primarily derived from the surface structure of the sentence.

130. According to trace theory, . . . . . . . . * According to trace theory, * Correct Answer: c. semantic interpretation depends on both deep and surface structures

Explanation:

• Trace theory recognizes that both deep and surface structures contribute to the interpretation of meaning.

131. An example of an anaphoric verb in English is the verb . . . . . . . . * An example of an * Correct Answer: c. have

Explanation:

• Anaphoric verbs refer back to a previously mentioned action or state. "Have" can sometimes have an anaphoric function, such as in "I have finished my work" (referring to a prior state of not having finished).

132. Which one of the following utterances contains a cataphoric reference? * Which one of the following * Correct Answer: a. The linguist went home and shot himself.

Explanation:

• "Himself" refers to the "linguist" mentioned earlier in the sentence. This is a cataphoric reference, where a pronoun refers to a noun phrase that appears later in the sentence.

133. Which of the following sentences contains an NP in the factitive case? * Which of the following * Correct Answer: c. The mechanic fixed my car perfectly.

Explanation:

• The factitive case refers to the entity that results from an action. In this sentence, "my car" is the result of the mechanic's action of fixing it.

134. How many determiners does the following sentence contain? “There are many books in the bookcase which belong to my brother but these nine books are mine.” * How many determiners * Correct Answer: c. four

Explanation:

• The determiners are: "many," "the," "which," "these," and "nine."

135. Gender is a . . . . . . category which . . . . . . corresponds to physical realities. * Gender is a . . . . . . * Correct Answer: c. linguistic - not always

Explanation:

• Gender is a grammatical category, not always directly related to biological sex. For example, in some languages, inanimate objects are assigned grammatical gender.

136. Which one of the following sentences contains a complex transitive verb? * Which one of the following * Correct Answer: d. They chose Al Buxter chairman of the board.

Explanation:

• A complex transitive verb takes both a direct object ("Al Buxter") and an object complement ("chairman of the board").