Language and the brain
1. .......... is defined as an impairment of language function due to localized cerebral damage which leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing linguistic forms.
Correct Answer: a. Aphasia
Explanation: Aphasia is a language disorder that occurs due to damage in the brain's language centers, affecting a person's ability to communicate effectively. It can result from strokes, traumatic brain injuries, or other neurological conditions.
2. The taking over of language functions by the left side of the brain after the critical age is referred to as ...........
Correct Answer: c. lateralization
Explanation: Lateralization refers to the specialization of certain functions in one hemisphere of the brain, particularly language processing, which predominantly occurs in the left hemisphere for most individuals after critical developmental stages.
3. "Sensory memory" as discussed in the "information processing theory" has a(n) .......... capacity.
Correct Answer: a. limited
Explanation: Sensory memory has a limited capacity, typically retaining only a few items (around 3-7) for a very brief duration (milliseconds to seconds) before information is either forgotten or transferred to short-term memory.
4. The study of spoonerism forms part of the study of ...........
Correct Answer: c. performance
Explanation: Spoonerisms are speech errors that occur during language production, illustrating how performance (the actual use of language) can differ from linguistic competence (knowledge of language rules).
5. .......... is defined as an impairment of language function due to localized cerebral damage which leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing linguistic forms.
Correct Answer: a. Aphasia
Explanation: This question is similar to question 1 and reaffirms that aphasia is characterized by difficulties in language comprehension and production resulting from brain damage.
6. The area for the brain crucially involved in the understanding of speech is called ...........
Correct Answer: a. Wernicke's
Explanation: Wernicke's area, located in the left hemisphere, is primarily responsible for language comprehension, allowing individuals to understand spoken and written language. 7. During dichotic listening, which of the following occurs?
Correct Answer: b. The right ear perceives linguistic material.
Explanation: In dichotic listening tasks, auditory stimuli presented to the right ear are typically processed more effectively by the left hemisphere, which is dominant for language processing in most individuals. 8. The lateralization of brain function refers to the idea that ...........
Correct Answer: c. the brain has specialized functions in each hemisphere
Explanation: Lateralization suggests that different hemispheres of the brain are specialized for different functions; for instance, the left hemisphere is often associated with language processing. 9. Anomia is defined as a state in which a patient has difficulty in ...........
Correct Answer: a. finding the correct words
Explanation: Anomia specifically refers to a type of aphasia where individuals struggle to retrieve words during speech or writing, impacting their ability to communicate effectively. 10. The interdisciplinary field which deals with the study of the relations between language and the brain is called ...........
Correct Answer: b. neurolinguistics
Explanation: Neurolinguistics focuses on understanding how language is processed in the brain and how neurological conditions affect communication abilities. *11. The area of the brain crucially involved in the understanding of speech is called .......... area.
Correct Answer: a. Wernicke's
Explanation: Wernicke's area plays a significant role in comprehending spoken and written language; damage here can lead to difficulties in understanding speech. *12. In .........., the patient has difficulty finding words, both during the flow of speech and in naming.
Correct Answer: d. anomia
Explanation: Anomia specifically describes difficulties with word retrieval, affecting both spontaneous speech and naming tasks. *13. The way computers perform memory searches is .......... the processes performed by the brain to recall the desired information.
Correct Answer: a. different from
Explanation: While computers can perform memory searches efficiently, human memory processes involve complex cognitive functions that differ significantly from computational methods. *14. All the following statements are true EXCEPT ...........
Correct Answer: d. the value of learning correlates directly with the amount of learned information stored in memory
Explanation: This statement oversimplifies learning; quality and application of knowledge are also critical factors beyond mere quantity stored. *15. The erroneous production of an utterance such as, "I'll sew you to your sheet" instead of "I'll show you to your seat," is a typical example of ...........
Correct Answer: d. spoonerism
Explanation: This example illustrates a spoonerism where sounds are swapped between words, leading to humorous or nonsensical phrases. *16. Which statement is not valid?
Correct Answer: b. Broca's aphasia results in fluent speech production.
Explanation: Broca's aphasia typically results in non-fluent speech characterized by effortful and halting output; it does not produce fluent speech. *17. Children’s and L2 learners' incorrect use of language cannot be considered deviant because ..........
Correct Answer: a. the rules are not yet fully known to them
Explanation: This statement acknowledges that learners may not have fully acquired grammatical rules yet; their errors reflect ongoing learning rather than deviance. *18. Very low incidence of interlingual errors indicates that observed errors are mostly .......... errors.
Correct Answer: a. developmental
Explanation: A low incidence of interlingual errors suggests that most observed errors arise from natural developmental processes rather than interference from another language. *19. Anomia is defined as a state in which a patient has ..........
Correct Answer: c. difficulty in finding the correct words
Explanation: Anomia specifically refers to challenges with word retrieval during communication. 20.* CHILD: Go car. MOTHER: Yes, Daddy's going in his car. In this dialog, the mother provides a gloss for her child's utterance. This is an instance of ·········.*
Correct Answer: d. expansion
Explanation: The mother's response expands on her child's utterance by providing additional context and detail about what was said.
21. I surprise no new glamor.' This sentence, spoken by an aphasic person, is an example of ·········.
Correct Answer: a. agrammatism
Explanation: Agrammatism is characterized by the omission of grammatical elements in speech, resulting in sentences that lack proper structure. The example shows a failure to use necessary grammatical forms. 22. Language is characterized as fluent, often excessively so, with no articulatory difficulty, though there may be several erratic pauses. There are many stereotyped patterns, circumlocutions, unintelligible sequences and errors in choosing words and phonemes, which are symptoms of ·········.
Correct Answer: d. Wernicke's aphasia
Explanation: Wernicke's aphasia involves fluent but nonsensical speech, where individuals may produce long sentences that lack meaning and contain errors in word choice. 23. In what order do English children acquire the grammatical morphemes of their mother tongue?
Correct Answer: a. s (plural) - ing - ed - 's
Explanation: Research shows that children typically acquire plural forms first, followed by the present participle (-ing), past tense (-ed), and possessive ('s) morphemes in that order. 24. In the process of child language acquisition, children produce only content words and miss the function words at .......... stage.
Correct Answer: a. telegraphic
Explanation: During the telegraphic stage of language development (around 24-30 months), children use primarily content words (nouns and verbs) while omitting function words (like "is" or "the"), resulting in short and meaningful phrases. 25. The main characteristic of telegraphic speech is the .......... .
Correct Answer: c. lack of grammatical morphemes
Explanation: Telegraphic speech is marked by the omission of grammatical morphemes and function words, focusing on essential content words to convey meaning. 26. Agrammatism is due to injury in .......... area and it is typically characterized by ...........
Correct Answer: c. Broca's / effortful speech and absence of grammatical morphemes
Explanation: Agrammatism typically results from damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe, leading to non-fluent speech characterized by omitted grammatical structures. 27. Correction of child language by others is an example of.......... evidence.
Correct Answer: d. negative
Explanation: Negative evidence refers to feedback provided when incorrect language use occurs; it helps learners understand what is not acceptable in their language production. 28. Which of the following utterances is produced by an aphasic whose Broca's area is damaged?
Correct Answer: d. Bus .......... um .......... going .......... yes .......... going down .......... and hospital .......... um .......... Monday.
Explanation: This utterance reflects the non-fluent and fragmented speech typical of Broca's aphasia, where individuals struggle to form complete sentences. *29. Lateralization refers to ..........
Correct Answer: d. the specialization of the left hemisphere for Language
Explanation: Lateralization indicates that certain cognitive functions, particularly language processing, are predominantly managed by one hemisphere of the brain (usually the left). **30. The dichotic listening test is used to show that ………. *
Correct Answer: d. the language functions are located in the left hemisphere
Explanation: The dichotic listening test demonstrates that linguistic sounds presented to the right ear (processed by the left hemisphere) are recognized more effectively than those presented to the left ear. **31. The holophrastic stage is one in which ………. *
Correct Answer: a. a single form functions as a phrase
Explanation: During the holophrastic stage (around 12-18 months), children use single words that convey complete ideas or requests, functioning similarly to phrases. *32. In Wernicke's aphasia, ...........
Correct Answer: a. circumlocutions may be used
Explanation: Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia often use circumlocution as they struggle to find appropriate words; they may describe an object instead of naming it. *33. All of the following provide strong evidence for brain lateralization EXCEPT ...........
Correct Answer: c. linguistic determinism
Explanation: Linguistic determinism refers to how language shapes thought and does not provide direct evidence for brain lateralization compared to studies like split-brain research or aphasic studies. *34. Modularity refers to ...........
Correct Answer: d. the independence of brain activities underlying distinct cognitive systems
Explanation: Modularity suggests that different cognitive functions (like language processing) operate independently within specialized areas of the brain. *35. The holophrastic stage has all of the following features EXCEPT that ...........
Correct Answer: c. it involves the use of inflectional morphemes
Explanation: During the holophrastic stage, children primarily use single-word utterances without inflectional morphemes; these develop later in their language acquisition. *36. Anomia is a form of aphasia in which patients ...........
Correct Answer: a. have word-finding difficulties
Explanation: Anomia specifically refers to difficulties with retrieving words during speech; patients know what they want to say but struggle to find the correct terms. 37.* The right hemisphere of the brain ..........
Correct Answer: c. is structurally very similar to the left
Explanation: While both hemispheres have similar structures, they specialize in different functions; however, lateralization indicates that specific tasks are predominantly managed by one hemisphere. 38.* Paraphasia is characterized by ..........
Correct Answer: c. the substitution of phonemic segments
Explanation: Paraphasia involves substituting sounds or syllables within words during speech production, leading to errors like saying "pork" instead of "fork." 39.* Patients suffering from anomia typically ..........
Correct Answer: d. cannot name objects properly
Explanation: Anomia specifically affects word retrieval abilities; patients often struggle with naming objects despite having intact comprehension skills. 40.* The effect of different habits on L2 production is called ..........
Correct Answer: a. negative transfer
Explanation: Negative transfer occurs when interference from a learner's first language negatively impacts their second language production, leading to errors based on first-language habits.
41. During the process of language acquisition, a child may produce words such as 'foots' which are due to the process of ..........
Correct Answer: b. overgeneralization
Explanation: Overgeneralization occurs when children apply regular grammatical rules to irregular forms, such as adding "-s" to create plurals (e.g., "foots" instead of "feet"). 42. What does the speech of a person with Broca’s aphasia almost consist of?
Correct Answer: a. lexical morphemes
Explanation: Individuals with Broca's aphasia typically produce speech that is limited to content words (lexical morphemes) while omitting function words and grammatical morphemes, leading to telegraphic speech. 43. The kind of disorder which results in difficulty in auditory comprehension is known as .......... aphasia.
Correct Answer: b. Wernicke’s
Explanation: Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by impaired auditory comprehension and fluent but nonsensical speech, resulting from damage to Wernicke's area in the brain. 44. The primary responsibility of the left hemisphere is to take over ..........
Correct Answer: a. the function of language
Explanation: The left hemisphere is primarily responsible for language processing in most individuals, including both production and comprehension. 45. The impairment of auditory comprehension and reading difficulty are almost always the result of injury to the ..........
Correct Answer: b. left hemisphere
Explanation: Damage to the left hemisphere, particularly areas involved in language processing (like Wernicke's area), typically leads to difficulties in understanding spoken and written language. 46. The development of control over different functions in different areas of the brain is known as ..........
Correct Answer: b. lateralization
Explanation: Lateralization refers to the specialization of certain functions in one hemisphere of the brain, such as language being predominantly processed in the left hemisphere. 47. The term .......... refers to a normally unintentional interchange of initial sounds of words.
Correct Answer: b. spoonerism
Explanation: Spoonerism involves swapping the initial sounds or letters of two or more words, often resulting in humorous or nonsensical phrases (e.g., "you have hissed all my mystery lectures"). 48. The interdisciplinary field which deals with the study of relationships between language and the brain is called ..........
Correct Answer: b. neurolinguistics
Explanation: Neurolinguistics studies how language is processed in the brain and how neurological conditions affect language abilities. *49. The mistakes we make in the retrieval process, when there are often strong phonological similarities between the target word and the mistake, are referred to as ..........
Correct Answer: d. malapropism
Explanation: Malapropisms occur when a person mistakenly uses a word that sounds similar to the intended word but has a completely different meaning (e.g., saying "He is the pineapple of politeness" instead of "pinnacle"). *50. In Broca's aphasia ............are omitted.
Correct Answer: a. functional morphemes
Explanation: In Broca's aphasia, patients typically omit function words (like "is," "and," or "the") while retaining content words, leading to fragmented speech. *51. The kind of aphasia in which patients may substitute words unrelated semantically to their intended meaning is called ………. aphasia.
Correct Answer: b. Wernicke's
Explanation: Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by fluent but nonsensical speech where patients may substitute words that are unrelated or incorrect semantically. **52. When an area of the brain involved in language processing is damaged, the language disorder that results is known as ............ . *
Correct Answer: d. aphasia
Explanation: Aphasia refers to language disorders resulting from damage to specific brain areas responsible for language processing, affecting speaking, understanding, reading, or writing. *53. The old Iranian words 'bafra' and 'zafra' changed to modern Persian words 'barf' and 'zarf' respectively. The rules which caused the changes are .............. respectively.
Correct Answer: a. apocopy; metathesis
Explanation: Apocopy refers to dropping sounds from the end of a word, while metathesis involves rearranging sounds within a word. **54. A patient was asked to describe his daily activities . In response he said, ‘Yes ………. Ah ………. today ………. ah ………. my ………. ah ………. and I ………. school ………. and, ah ………. Play and ………. ah noon ah ………. home.’ This patient apparently suffers from the ………. *
Correct Answer: b. Broca’s aphasia
Explanation: The fragmented speech with frequent pauses indicates Broca's aphasia, where patients struggle with fluency and often produce incomplete sentences. **55. Where do we store the knowledge of language? Which hemisphere is responsible for language perception and production? What makes people suffer from aphasia? Scientists who deal with such questions are called ………. *
Correct Answer: b. neurolinguists
Explanation: Neurolinguists study how language is represented in the brain and how various neurological conditions affect linguistic abilities. **56. Some linguists have advocated that one’s language determines the way one thinks. This is the strong version of ………. *
Correct Answer: d. linguistic determinism
Explanation: Linguistic determinism posits that language shapes thought processes; this strong version suggests that one's worldview is constrained by their linguistic framework. **57. A phenomenon related to the impairment of language function due to localized cerebral damage which leads to difficulty in understanding or producing language is called ………. *
Correct Answer: b. aphasia
Explanation: Aphasia encompasses various types of language impairments resulting from localized brain damage affecting communication abilities. 58.* The five stages in the complete language planning process are as follows: ……….
Correct Answer: a. selection, codification, elaboration, implementation, and acceptance
Explanation: These stages outline how languages are planned for standardization and use within communities. 59.* By the age of 2, the average child has a vocabulary of more than 50 words and will have reached the ……….
Correct Answer: c. two-word stage
Explanation: By age 2, children typically enter the two-word stage where they begin combining words meaningfully (e.g., "want cookie"). 60.* Some people learn a language hoping that they will become familiar with foreign cultures. They are said to be ..........
Correct Answer: a. integratively motivated
Explanation*: Integrative motivation refers to learning a language for social interaction and cultural understanding rather than solely for utilitarian purposes.
61. In the process of communication; language signs are .......... in Wernicke's area.
Correct Answer: c. received and analyzed
Explanation: Wernicke's area is primarily responsible for the comprehension of speech, where language signs are received and processed for meaning. 62. Look at the following constructions produced by children with different ages: 1) I no do play. 2) I don't play. 3) No I play. The proper order of learning is
Correct Answer: b. 1 3 2
Explanation: Children typically progress from using simple negation ("I no do play") to more complex forms ("No I play") and finally to the correct grammatical structure ("I don't play"). 63. Children sometimes produce /childrenz/ for "children". This process is called ..........
Correct Answer: a. overgeneralization
Explanation: Overgeneralization occurs when children apply regular morphological rules (adding -s for plurals) incorrectly to irregular forms, such as using /childrenz/ instead of the correct pronunciation. 64. We say children learn languages .......... because there is a strong natural or innate motivation.
Correct Answer: b. spontaneously
Explanation: Children often acquire language spontaneously as they interact with their environment, driven by an innate desire to communicate. 65. Which of the following consists of two bound morphemes and a free morpheme?
Correct Answer: b. incompleteness
Explanation: The term "incompleteness" includes "in-" (bound morpheme), "complete" (free morpheme), and "-ness" (bound morpheme), making it a combination of two bound morphemes and one free morpheme. 66. In the process of language acquisition, children pass through the ……….. stage where they use a single form functioning as a phrase or structure.
Correct Answer: b. holophrastic
Explanation: The holophrastic stage involves children using single words that convey complete ideas or requests, functioning similarly to phrases. 67. The assumption that the brain has specialized functions in each of the two hemispheres is named ...........
Correct Answer: a. lateralization
Explanation: Lateralization refers to the specialization of certain cognitive functions, such as language processing, predominantly in one hemisphere (usually the left). *68. The .......... has been refuted because any damage to one area of the brain appears to have repercussions in other areas.
Correct Answer: c. localization
Explanation: The theory of strict localization has been challenged by findings showing that damage in one area can affect functions in other areas, indicating a more interconnected brain function. *69. Because of brain damages, patients may find it difficult to find correct words in producing meaningful sentences. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as ...........
Correct Answer: c. anomia
Explanation: Anomia refers specifically to difficulties in word retrieval during speech production, often seen in patients with brain damage affecting language areas. *70. Damage to .......... of the brain causes extreme difficulty in producing speech.
Correct Answer: d. Broca's area
Explanation: Broca's area is crucial for speech production; damage here leads to non-fluent aphasia characterized by difficulty forming grammatically correct sentences. *71. The type of speech error represented in the expression, "a long short story" is called ...........
Correct Answer: c. malapropism
Explanation: A malapropism occurs when a word is mistakenly used in place of another word that sounds similar but has a different meaning, often resulting in humorous effects. *72. The period when the human brain is most ready to receive and learn a particular language is referred to as the .......... period.
Correct Answer: b. critical
Explanation: The critical period hypothesis suggests that there is an optimal window during early development when language acquisition occurs most easily and effectively. *73. The apparent specialization of the left hemisphere for language is often described as ...........
Correct Answer: c. localization
*Explanation: Localization describes how specific cognitive functions, like language processing, are associated with particular areas of the brain (mainly the left hemisphere). *74. The part of the brain crucially involved in the understanding of speech is called ........... area.
Correct Answer: b. Wernicke's
*Explanation: Wernicke's area is essential for language comprehension; damage here can lead to difficulties understanding spoken or written language. 75.* Genie's case reveals the fact that ...........
Correct Answer: d. the ability for language learning decreases with age
Explanation: Genie's case supports findings that while some aspects of language can be learned later, overall ability diminishes significantly after critical developmental periods. 76.* The impairment of language function due to localized cerebral damage which results in different types of language disorders is referred to as ...........
Correct Answer: b. aphasia
Explanation: Aphasia encompasses various types of language impairments resulting from localized brain damage affecting communication abilities. 77.* The confusion of the meaning of two learned words resulting in peculiar sentences is called ...........
Correct Answer: b. malapropism
Explanation: Malapropism involves using an incorrect word that sounds similar to the intended word, leading to confusion and humorous errors in meaning. 78.* Through a dichotic listening test, it can be shown that ...........
Correct Answer: c. the right hemisphere handles nonverbal sounds
Explanation: Dichotic listening tests demonstrate that linguistic sounds presented to one ear are processed more effectively by its corresponding hemisphere; typically, verbal sounds go to the left hemisphere while nonverbal sounds are processed by the right. 79.* The left hemisphere of the brain handles .......... in most human beings.*
Correct Answer: a. the learning of a second language
Explanation: While all options have some truth, option (a) emphasizes that most linguistic functions—including second-language acquisition—are predominantly managed by the left hemisphere. 80.* The study of aphasic people helps us to know more about ...........
Correct Answer: a. the locations of linguistic abilities in the brain
Explanation*: Studying aphasia provides insights into which areas of the brain are responsible for various aspects of linguistic ability and how these areas interact during communication.
81. The view that our linguistic abilities have identifiable places in the brain is called the .......... view.
Correct Answer: b. localization
Explanation: The localization view posits that specific cognitive functions, including language abilities, are associated with particular areas of the brain. 82. The type of language disorder which is characterized by having difficulty in finding the correct words is referred to as ...........
Correct Answer: c. anomia
Explanation: Anomia is a form of aphasia where individuals struggle to retrieve words, particularly nouns and verbs, affecting their ability to communicate effectively. 83. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon suggests that our "word-storage" may be partially organized on the basis of some .......... information.
Correct Answer: d. phonological
Explanation: The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon indicates that word retrieval may be influenced by phonological similarities, as individuals often recall words that sound similar when they cannot access the target word. 84. Errors in linguistic performance caused by fatigue, distraction and the like are known as ...........
Correct Answer: c. slip-of-the-tongue
Explanation: A slip-of-the-tongue refers to unintentional errors in speech that occur due to various factors such as fatigue or distraction. 85. The phenomenon in which you feel that some word is just eluding you that you know the word but it just does not come to the surface is referred to as ...........
Correct Answer: b. tip-of-the-tongue
Explanation: The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon describes the experience of knowing a word but being unable to retrieve it at that moment, often feeling it is just out of reach. 86. The study of aphasia forms a significant clue to the study of ...........
Correct Answer: a. the relationships between deep and surface structures
Explanation: Studying aphasia provides insights into how language is structured and processed in the brain, shedding light on the relationship between linguistic form (surface structure) and meaning (deep structure). 87. The acquisition schedule is claimed to be tied very much to the ...........
Correct Answer: c. maturation of the infant's brain
Explanation: Language acquisition is closely linked to brain development; as children's brains mature, they become more capable of acquiring complex language skills. *88. Only a small amount of the brain's activity occurs at a .......... level.
Correct Answer: d. conscious
Explanation: Much of the brain's processing occurs subconsciously; conscious thought represents only a fraction of overall brain activity. *89. Many experts now believe that the brain is hardwired or genetically programmed to ...........
Correct Answer: c. handle information in predetermined ways
Explanation: This belief suggests that certain cognitive processes are innate and structured within our neural architecture, guiding how we process information. *90. The operations performed by the brain can be divided into the three levels of ...........
Correct Answer: d. primal, emotional, and rational
Explanation: These levels describe different types of cognitive operations performed by the brain, reflecting its complexity in processing various stimuli. *91. The primal mind enables individuals to ...........
Correct Answer: a. perform the needed functions subconsciously
Explanation: The primal mind refers to instinctual processes that operate without conscious awareness, allowing for automatic responses. *92. Memory can be thought of as ...........
Correct Answer: d. non-linguistic
Explanation: Memory encompasses cognitive processes that can involve non-linguistic elements; it includes various forms of information retention beyond just language. *93. The development of brain function may NOT be significantly influenced by ...........
Correct Answer: b. sex
Explanation: While age, culture, and experience can significantly influence brain development and function, sex has less impact on cognitive processes compared to these factors. *94. The motor cortex area .......... language.
Correct Answer: c. produces
Explanation: The motor cortex is involved in planning and executing movements necessary for speech production. *95. The brain receives new information externally from the ...........
Correct Answer: a. senses
Explanation*: The senses provide external stimuli that allow the brain to gather new information from the environment. *96. Without processing functions made possible by .........., the brain would be incapable of any of the higher order functions of conscious thought.
Correct Answer: c. short-term memory
Explanation*: Short-term memory is crucial for holding information temporarily while it is processed for higher-order cognitive functions like reasoning and problem-solving. *97. In the process of .......... , the brain retains the information but discards the message itself.
Correct Answer: c. obliterative forgetting
Explanation*: Obliterative forgetting refers to retaining general knowledge while discarding specific details or messages over time. *98. The human brain is NOT characterized by its ability for ...........
Correct Answer: c. serial search
Explanation*: While hypothesis testing, information processing, and problem generation are key cognitive abilities, serial search does not capture this complexity as effectively. *99. The short term memory is NOT referred to as the .......... memory.
Correct Answer: b. speech processing
Explanation*: Short-term memory is commonly referred to as working memory or limited-passive memory but not specifically speech processing. 100.* The short-term memory ...........
Correct Answer: a. makes problem solving possible
Explanation: Short-term memory plays an essential role in problem-solving by temporarily holding relevant information for immediate use during cognitive tasks.
101. The major concern of individualized instruction is to ...........
Correct Answer: d. recognize that students have different needs and abilities
Explanation: Individualized instruction focuses on tailoring educational approaches to meet the unique learning needs and abilities of each student, acknowledging that learners vary in their learning styles and paces. 102. The process in which the left hemisphere becomes specialized in language is called ...........
Correct Answer: b. lateralization
Explanation: Lateralization refers to the specialization of certain cognitive functions, particularly language processing, predominantly in the left hemisphere of the brain. 103. Information is stored in memory in .......... networks independent of the forms of any language.
Correct Answer: c. conceptual
Explanation: Conceptual networks represent how information is organized in the brain based on meaning and relationships rather than linguistic forms. 104. By means of .........., the brain controls the flow of information that it receives from its surroundings.
Correct Answer: a. information processing
Explanation: Information processing refers to how the brain interprets, organizes, and responds to incoming sensory data from the environment. 105. The critical period is a biologically determined period of life beyond which language .......... becomes ........... .
Correct Answer: a. acquisition/difficult
Explanation: The critical period hypothesis suggests that there is an optimal time frame for language acquisition; after this period, it becomes significantly more challenging to learn a language effectively. 106. Foreign accent will remain after ...........
Correct Answer: a. the critical period
Explanation: After the critical period for language acquisition, individuals may retain a foreign accent when learning a new language due to reduced plasticity in language learning capabilities. *107. People are innately programmed ...........
Correct Answer: a. to release certain properties of language at certain developmental stages
Explanation: This statement reflects theories in linguistics suggesting that humans have an innate capacity for language development that unfolds at specific stages. *108. Uttering "well-boiled icicle" instead of "well-oiled bicycle" is an instance of ...........
Correct Answer: c. spoonerism
Explanation: Spoonerism occurs when initial sounds or letters are swapped between words, resulting in humorous or nonsensical phrases. *109. A slip of the tongue etc., which the student can self-correct when challenged, because it is not caused by lack of knowledge is called .........., but imperfect production caused by genuine lack of knowledge about the language is called ...........
Correct Answer: b. mistake/error
Explanation: A mistake refers to an error that can be self-corrected, while an error indicates a more fundamental misunderstanding or lack of knowledge about the language. *110. A normally unintentional interchange of the initial sounds of words is called ...........
Correct Answer: d. spoonerism
Explanation: Spoonerism specifically refers to swapping initial sounds between words unintentionally, often resulting in humorous phrases. *111. Perceptual difficulties in reading and writing which is characterized by the displacement of letters is called ...........
Correct Answer: c. dyslexia
Explanation: Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects reading and writing abilities, often characterized by difficulties with letter recognition and word decoding. *112. Which of the following evidences proves that language exists in the left hemisphere?
Correct Answer: a. The left ear is sensitive to music while the right one to linguistic information.
Explanation: This statement illustrates how auditory information from each ear is processed by opposite hemispheres; linguistic sounds are predominantly processed in the left hemisphere. *113. A process through which the .......... hemisphere becomes specialized in language is called ...........
Correct Answer: c. left/lateralization
Explanation: Lateralization refers specifically to how certain functions, such as language processing, become specialized primarily in one hemisphere (the left). *114. What is the relationship between critical period and lateralization?
Correct Answer: d. Through lateralization, linguistic abilities are developed in critical period.
Explanation: Lateralization occurs during development, particularly within critical periods when language skills are being acquired; thus, they are interconnected processes. *115. .......... area in the brain is responsible for .......... and .......... area for .......... ability.
Correct Answer: b. Broka/production/vernike/perception
Explanation: Broca's area (located in the frontal lobe) is primarily associated with speech production, while Wernicke's area (involved with comprehension) relates to understanding spoken and written language. *116. "Memory is non-linguistic." This comment is evidence for ...........
Correct Answer: d. metacognition
Explanation: Metacognition involves awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, including how memory functions beyond just linguistic elements. *117. A change in the order of two sounds in a word as shown in the following example, "film --> flim" is called ...........
Correct Answer: b. metathesis
Explanation*: Metathesis occurs when sounds within a word are rearranged or swapped; "film" becoming "flim" exemplifies this phonological phenomenon.