Theories of language learning and teaching

1. A class which is accustomed...

• Correct Answer: b. childhood
• Explanation: Continuous language exposure during childhood minimizes anxieties and inhibitions, leveraging the natural plasticity and openness to learning during this stage.

2. Bridging inferences help us to...

• Correct Answer: b. logic
• Explanation: Bridging inferences connect ideas, clarifying the logic and reasoning within a text to ensure coherence and comprehension.

3. Various levels of complexity of...

• Correct Answer: b. concepts
• Explanation: Complexity in language introduces diverse concepts, enhancing the depth and nuance of communication.

4. The learner who produces the...

• Correct Answer: b. pragmatically
• Explanation: Pragmatic competence involves using language appropriately in context. "The teacher hurt the table" fails pragmatically because it is not contextually logical.

5. "Explication de texts" is another...

• Correct Answer: c. intensive reading
• Explanation: "Explication de texts" refers to detailed text analysis, which aligns with the goals and methods of intensive reading.

6. To follow Chomsky would be...

• Correct Answer: a. generating new utterances
• Explanation: Chomsky's theories emphasize creativity in language use, particularly the ability to generate novel utterances based on linguistic rules.

7. The metropolitan standard is normally...

• Correct Answer: c. it is the form...
• Explanation: The metropolitan standard is often the most socially acceptable form of a language, making it the best choice for integration and communication in the native speaker community.

8. How would you differentiate between...

• Correct Answer: d. in coordinate bilingualism, there...
• Explanation: In coordinate bilingualism, two languages are learned in separate contexts, leading to distinct conceptual systems for each language.

9. A teacher who asks his...

• Correct Answer: c. traditional
• Explanation: Avoiding contracted forms reflects a traditional approach focused on formal and prescriptive language rules.

10. A learner who produces a...

• Correct Answer: c. semantically
• Explanation: Semantic competence deals with meaning. "Colorless ideas eat the ice cream" demonstrates semantic errors as the sentence is nonsensical.

11. Emphasis on the learner's active...

• Correct Answer: d. is quite old
• Explanation: Active use of language has been emphasized historically, dating back to classical language teaching methodologies.

12. "Anomie" is the...

• Correct Answer: d. lack of motivation in...
• Explanation: Anomie refers to a feeling of disconnection or lack of purpose, which impacts motivation in language learning.

13. One's competence is always...

• Correct Answer: a. greater
• Explanation: Competence refers to underlying linguistic ability, which typically exceeds performance (actual language use).

14. It is the second language...

• Correct Answer: c. rules
• Explanation: Internalizing the grammatical rules of a second language is essential for effective communication and comprehension.

15. If we focus on...

• Correct Answer: b. form
• Explanation: Focusing on form directs attention to linguistic features, which can distract from the natural flow of communication.

16. An LT syllabus the contents...

• Correct Answer: d. structural
• Explanation: A structural syllabus organizes content based on the grammatical structure of the language, making it a systematic approach.

17. To improve student's self-concept,...

• Correct Answer: b. generous amount of feedback
• Explanation: Providing constructive feedback helps students develop confidence and a realistic sense of their abilities.

18. A language teacher who would...

• Correct Answer: a. traditionally
• Explanation: Restricting split infinitives reflects a traditional and prescriptive view of grammar.

19. We have included English and...

• Correct Answer: a. mainly for educational purposes
• Explanation: Including foreign languages in curricula is primarily aimed at broadening educational horizons.

20. Natural language contains a large...

• Correct Answer: d. redundancies
• Explanation: Redundancies in language help ensure the message is understood despite disruptions in communication.

21. A language learner who addresses...

• Correct Answer: b. pragmatically
• Explanation: The statement "Post this letter for me" reflects a pragmatic error, as it is contextually inappropriate when addressing a teacher.

22. What is stored in the...

• Correct Answer: c. representation
• Explanation: Long-term memory stores representations of information, which include interpretations and contextual understanding.

23. The kind of processing in...

• Correct Answer: d. top-down
• Explanation: Top-down processing relies on prior knowledge to make sense of new input.

24. As one of the language...

• Correct Answer: b. the importance of meaning...
• Explanation: Marcel emphasized the role of meaning in effective language learning, aligning with modern communicative approaches.

25. One of the criticisms leveled...

• Correct Answer: c. social and cultural purposes...
• Explanation: Gardner's dichotomy has been criticized for not sufficiently addressing the social and cultural aspects of motivation in language learning.

26. Content-based instruction is NOT...

• Correct Answer: c. language presentation dictating content material
• Explanation: Content-based instruction integrates language and subject matter, with content driving the language instruction rather than the other way around.

27. In the Notional-Functional Syllabus,...

• Correct Answer: b. there is a strong focus on pragmatic purposes
• Explanation: The Notional-Functional Syllabus emphasizes using language for specific purposes, addressing real-life communication needs.

28. All of the following are...

• Correct Answer: d. socioaffective
• Explanation: Socioaffective is not listed among Gardner's multiple intelligences, which focus on cognitive and skill-based intelligences.

29. The Series Method is best...

• Correct Answer: c. the Episode Hypothesis
• Explanation: The Series Method aligns with the Episode Hypothesis, emphasizing sequential actions for language learning.

30. Giving students tasks intended...

• Correct Answer: c. Experiential Language Learning
• Explanation: Experiential learning engages both hemispheres of the brain, combining creative and analytical tasks.

31. The concept of Multiple...

• Correct Answer: a. involves varied aspects
• Explanation: Communication involves various intelligences and skills, aligning with the concept of Multiple Intelligences.

32. If you teach languages based...

• Correct Answer: a. scripts
• Explanation: Teaching based on situational actions relates to the concept of "scripts," which describe sequences of events.

33. Using a second language...

• Correct Answer: a. approximation
• Explanation: Approximation involves using a language item with similar meaning when the exact term is unknown.

34. In classroom management, rapport...

• Correct Answer: b. the relationship between the teacher...
• Explanation: Rapport refers to fostering a positive, collaborative relationship between the teacher and students to enhance learning.

35. In immersion programs,...

• Correct Answer: d. the assumption is that...
• Explanation: Immersion assumes learners will naturally acquire language through exposure without explicit instruction.

36. Group work may be disadvantageous...

• Correct Answer: d. the existence of information gap
• Explanation: Information gaps foster communication and problem-solving in group work, making them advantageous rather than disadvantageous.

37. In contrast to declarative...

• Correct Answer: a. encompasses learning skills and strategies
• Explanation: Procedural knowledge involves applying skills and strategies, in contrast to declarative knowledge, which focuses on facts.

38. Gardner's Multiple Intelligences theory...

• Correct Answer: d. goal setting and journal keeping...
• Explanation: While useful, goal setting and journaling are not foundational assumptions of Gardner's theory.

39. Both theme-based and content-based...

• Correct Answer: d. experiential learning and strategy-based instruction
• Explanation: Both approaches emphasize learning through meaningful engagement and strategic application of knowledge.

40. The difficulty observed in...

• Correct Answer: a. markedness theory
• Explanation: Markedness theory explains challenges in learning less common or "marked" structures in a language.

41. Vygotsky's zone of proximal...

• Correct Answer: a. gives weight to socially mediated interaction
• Explanation: Vygotsky's ZPD highlights the importance of interaction in scaffolding learning within a learner's potential development zone.

42. The constructivist view...

• Correct Answer: b. supports the "needs" concept of motivation
• Explanation: Constructivism emphasizes personal needs and contextual factors in motivating learners.

43. Teaching requires that teachers...

• Correct Answer: a. interpersonal skills
• Explanation: Effective teaching relies on interpersonal skills to build trust and understanding between teachers and students.

44. The short-term memory...

• Correct Answer: d. makes problem solving possible
• Explanation: Short-term memory enables immediate processing and manipulation of information for problem-solving tasks.

45. In top-down processing the...

• Correct Answer: c. background knowledge
• Explanation: Top-down processing leverages a learner’s existing knowledge to interpret new information.

46. Which of the following statements...

• Correct Answer: a. materials are comprehended, organized, rehearsed...
• Explanation: Short-term memory processes and prepares materials before they are stored in long-term memory.

47. In functionally oriented courses,...

• Correct Answer: d. learner's communicative needs
• Explanation: Functional courses prioritize the communicative needs of learners to design and sequence language content.

48. The "sensory cortex" of...

• Correct Answer: c. receiving and interpreting linguistic input
• Explanation: The sensory cortex processes and interprets sensory input, including linguistic data.

49. The left hemisphere is...

• Correct Answer: d. lateralization
• Explanation: Lateralization refers to the specialization of the brain's left hemisphere for language functions.

50. Self-actualization is the process...

• Correct Answer: d. becoming what we want to be
• Explanation: Self-actualization involves fulfilling one's potential and achieving personal growth.

51. Motivation is the outgrowth...

• Correct Answer: c. cognitive, affective, and social
• Explanation: Motivation stems from a combination of cognitive, emotional, and social influences in learning.

52. Which one of the...

• Correct Answer: c. heuristic
• Explanation: The heuristic function involves using language to seek knowledge and explanations ("tell me why").

53. Motivation is commonly referred...

• Correct Answer: d. an inner drive, impulse, or emotion
• Explanation: Motivation is an internal force driving behavior toward achieving goals.

54. Illocutionary force is defined...

• Correct Answer: a. the speaker's intent of a sentence
• Explanation: Illocutionary force refers to the intended meaning or purpose behind an utterance.

55. Broca’s area of the...

• Correct Answer: a. producing speech
• Explanation: Broca's area is critical for speech production and articulating language.

56. The demands of the...

• Correct Answer: a. educational needs
• Explanation: The community’s educational needs reflect societal demands for equipping individuals with relevant skills and knowledge.

57. Activists lay stress on...

• Correct Answer: a. practice in oral communication
• Explanation: Activists emphasize active participation, particularly in speaking and listening, to enhance language learning.

58. According to Fries structural...

• Correct Answer: c. function of the elements of speech...
• Explanation: Structural meaning arises from the relationships between elements in speech within a given context.

59. Every language user must...

• Correct Answer: c. parser
• Explanation: A parser is responsible for breaking down language into meaningful units for comprehension.

60. Three of the tenets...

• Correct Answer: a. individual accountability, leadership distribution, and interaction in the L2
• Explanation: Cooperative learning emphasizes accountability, leadership, and interaction to foster language skills and collaboration.

61. One of the following...

• Correct Answer: b. using students' L1 in the teaching...
• Explanation: The Reform Movement prioritizes the target language over the students’ native language for immersive learning.

62. When students are attentive...

• Correct Answer: b. observation
• Explanation: Observing interactions between native speakers helps learners develop a deeper understanding of real-life language use.

63. Deliberative anxiety...

• Correct Answer: b. impedes
• Explanation: High levels of anxiety hinder learning by creating stress that negatively impacts focus and performance.

64. The ego-dynamic layer of...

• Correct Answer: d. the tendency toward learning and...
• Explanation: This layer involves motivation and adaptability to learning situations, crucial for holistic language learning.

65. Which item clearly shows...

• Correct Answer: b. principled pragmatism gives autonomy to teachers
• Explanation: The Post-Method Condition promotes teacher autonomy through flexible and context-sensitive teaching practices.

66. The most influential learners'...

• Correct Answer: a. cognitive
• Explanation: Cognitive variables, such as problem-solving skills and memory, significantly impact second language acquisition.

67. Induction ability refers to...

• Correct Answer: a. infer a whole from isolated parts
• Explanation: Inductive reasoning involves piecing together information to form a comprehensive understanding.

68. Which one of the...

• Correct Answer: a. attitude
• Explanation: Affective variables, like a positive attitude, play a crucial role in language learning motivation and persistence.

69. Learning collocations is one...

• Correct Answer: a. the Lexical Approach
• Explanation: The Lexical Approach emphasizes the importance of fixed expressions and word combinations, such as collocations, in language learning.

70. The role of social...

• Correct Answer: d. Cooperative Language Learning
• Explanation: Cooperative Language Learning highlights the importance of social interaction for developing communication skills.

71. The competence that encompasses...

• Correct Answer: b. grammatical
• Explanation: Grammatical competence involves knowledge of syntax, morphology, and phonology, which are foundational for language use.

72. In the post-method era,...

• Correct Answer: b. develop their own personal approaches
• Explanation: Teachers are encouraged to adapt their teaching methods to their context and students’ needs rather than adhering to a fixed method.

73. The person who is...

• Correct Answer: d. tolerant of ambiguity
• Explanation: A tolerance for ambiguity allows learners to handle uncertainty and explore creative solutions without frustration.

74. According to Brown,...

• Correct Answer: c. sociocultural variables
• Explanation: Sociocultural factors, such as group dynamics and cultural background, influence affectivity in language learning.

75. .......... is a term...

• Correct Answer: b. style
• Explanation: Style refers to consistent preferences or tendencies in how individuals learn and process information.

76. Second language learner's attempt...

• Correct Answer: c. creative construction process
• Explanation: The creative construction process involves learners formulating and testing hypotheses about language rules based on available input.

77. The functional view of...

• Correct Answer: b. language is a vehicle for...
• Explanation: The functional view emphasizes language as a tool for interpersonal communication and social transactions.

78. The bio-program hypothesis suggests...

• Correct Answer: c. listening before speaking / speech with action
• Explanation: The bio-program hypothesis proposes that language acquisition begins with listening, followed by speaking, often integrated with actions.

79. A high school physics...

• Correct Answer: d. II and III
• Explanation: Effective teaching requires clarifying concepts and organizing presentations to engage students actively.

80. All of the following...

• Correct Answer: c. generative linguistics
• Explanation: Constructivism focuses on interaction and variability in learning, not the formal structures emphasized in generative linguistics.

81. The manipulation of language...

• Correct Answer: b. first/usage
• Explanation: The first level focuses on mastering language forms (usage) before progressing to broader communicative use.

82. In class texts, frequently...

• Correct Answer: a. systematic
• Explanation: Class materials are usually organized systematically to ensure a logical progression of language concepts.

83. The existence of "translation...

• Correct Answer: a. hinders them from seeing
• Explanation: A "translation mentality" limits students' ability to grasp unique features and relationships within the target language.

84. Where the programmed instruction...

• Correct Answer: c. need not be entirely in printed and written form
• Explanation: Programmed instruction often incorporates audio and visual elements to enhance learning experiences.

85. Students working with carefully...

• Correct Answer: d. do not seem to experience the feelings...
• Explanation: Properly designed computer programs provide individualized feedback, reducing feelings of isolation.

86. For its success in
Correct answer: a. size of the step
Explanation: A linear program’s effectiveness relies on how gradually or drastically content is introduced. A smaller "step" from one frame to the next makes learning more manageable and easier for students to process.

87. Intrinsic programming is considered to
Correct answer: b. individual differences
Explanation: Intrinsic programming tailors learning experiences to accommodate individual differences, such as varying paces of learning and different learning styles, unlike linear programming, which is more uniform.

88. One of the major problems
Correct answer: a. detailed specifications of
Explanation: In designing language courses, it’s crucial to have clear, detailed specifications outlining the final learning goals and behaviors expected from the students at the end of the course.

89. Frequently the most effective
Correct answer: c. not by logical forethought, but
Explanation: This emphasizes that trial and error, through testing draft materials with students, often leads to the most effective learning progression, rather than strictly planning everything in advance.

90. Theories of transfer of
Correct answer: a. mechanical
Explanation: "Mechanical" practice refers to repetitive drills that condition a skill to the point where it becomes available automatically only in situations that closely resemble the practice conditions.

91. Continual correction in areas
Correct answer: c. irritating
Explanation: While correction is important, constant correction when a student already knows the correct answer can become annoying or discouraging, making it less effective in motivating further learning.

92. The form of an
Correct answer: c. determined by
Explanation: The way an utterance is structured is influenced by the communication situation, such as the context or the speaker's intention, rather than being arbitrary or unrelated.

93. It is at the
Correct answer: a. discourse
Explanation: The discourse level of language considers how sentences work together in larger texts or conversations. It’s the level where context and the relationship between utterances are crucial for meaning.

94. In Halliday's view, the
Correct answer: b. rules and grammaticality
Explanation: Halliday's "language as action" perspective focuses on the function of language in communication, rather than on strict grammatical rules and the concept of grammaticality, which was a focus of more traditional linguistic studies.

95. When we make the
Correct answer: a. product
Explanation: Viewing language as a product treats it as something that can be analyzed and studied, rather than something that is actively used in real-time communication.

96. The concept of language-as-tool
Correct answer: b. environment
Explanation: The concept of language-as-tool highlights its role in interacting with and adapting to the environment, whether physical, social, or cognitive.

97. Security, reflection, and retention
Correct answer: b. nondefensive learning
Explanation: Nondefensive learning refers to a learning state where students are relaxed, secure, and reflective, which allows them to retain and internalize information better.

98. The term "use" refers
Correct answer: c. way people actually use the language
Explanation: "Use" refers to how language is practically employed in real-life situations, such as in conversations or writing, as opposed to theoretical constructs or formal written structures.

99. The problems which teachers
Correct answer: b. psycholinguistics
Explanation: Psycholinguistics addresses how people acquire and process language, providing insights that can directly influence teaching methods and materials.

100. According to Chomsky, language
Correct answer: b. creative process
Explanation: Chomsky believed that language learning is a creative process, where learners actively construct their own understanding of language rules rather than simply responding to stimuli or external conditioning.

101. Lipson's stylized Mnemonics, utilizes
Correct answer: d. a visually-cued approach to language teaching
Explanation: Lipson's stylized Mnemonics uses visual cues to help students remember language structures and vocabulary, reinforcing memory through imagery.

102. The chief problem with
Correct answer: c. sound
Explanation: Blackboard illustrations often lack sound, making it difficult for students to hear language as it is used in real contexts, which can limit the effectiveness of the learning experience.

103. Effectively contextualized lessons are
Correct answer: b. concentrates on the learners' needs
Explanation: Contextualized lessons are those that are designed around the specific needs and interests of the learners, making the content more relevant and engaging.

104. If media are properly exploited,
Correct answer: c. in situational clusters of significance
Explanation: Media should be used in contexts that are meaningful and relevant to the learners, grouping grammatical points into real-life situations for better understanding and retention.

105. The games played in language
Correct answer: b. have an element of competition
Explanation: Games in language classes should encourage healthy competition to make learning more engaging and motivating for students, but they should not be the sole focus when individuals are playing.

106. The advantage of playing games
Correct answer: a. make weak and strong students work together
Explanation: Games can balance skill levels among students, encouraging collaboration between strong and weak learners, which promotes mutual support and learning.

107. The most complete description
Correct answer: a. preparation of linear programmed materials
Explanation: Behavioristic theories were most thoroughly applied in the development of linear programming materials, which focused on repetitive drills and stimuli-response learning.

108. The focus on self-pacing
Correct answer: c. individualized instruction
Explanation: The shift towards individualized instruction was prompted by the idea that learners progress at their own pace, tailoring the experience to their unique needs.

109. The stress on the
Correct answer: d. total student in the classroom
Explanation: The focus on the "total student" refers to considering all aspects of the student’s development, including their psychological, social, and cultural needs, which led to a broader understanding of language learning.

110. In the algorithm type
Correct answer: b. follows a learned or memorized procedure
Explanation: An algorithm refers to a step-by-step, memorized process that the brain follows to solve a problem or perform a task, often without much flexibility.

111. Inductive learning assumes that
Correct answer: c. use examples to formulate their own rules
Explanation: Inductive learning encourages students to derive rules themselves from examples, rather than being explicitly taught the rules, fostering deeper understanding.

112. In the associative stage
Correct answer: a. form an image of the skill in their minds
Explanation: In the associative stage, learners begin to form a mental image of the skill they are acquiring, connecting their actions with the desired outcomes.

113. Psycholinguists deal with all
Correct answer: d. what verbal learning is and how it takes place
Explanation: Psycholinguists study the cognitive processes involved in learning language, including how verbal learning occurs and how language is processed in the brain.

114. Sociolinguists are mainly interested
Correct answer: c. language varieties
Explanation: Sociolinguists focus on the different forms or varieties of language used by different social groups, including dialects, registers, and language use in different social contexts.

115. According to Stevick, the
Correct answer: c. affective, communicative and linguistic
Explanation: Stevick identified three types of feedback that are important in language learning: affective (emotional), communicative (focused on the message), and linguistic (focused on the language form).

116. Which of the following does
Correct answer: c. Pragmatics
Explanation: Pragmatics is concerned with the use of language in context, which is different from nonverbal language. Paralinguistics, kinetics, and proxemics all fall under nonverbal communication.

117. The two main streams
Correct answer: b. cognitivists and behaviorists
Explanation: In the history of language teaching, the two main schools of thought are cognitivists, who focus on mental processes, and behaviorists, who emphasize learning through stimuli and responses.

118. Formalists have mainly relied
Correct answer: d. the deductive form of teaching
Explanation: Formalists tend to use a deductive approach to teaching, where rules are explained first, and then examples are used to apply them, rather than starting with examples and deriving rules.

119. Which of the following techniques
Correct answer: b. Using word derivations
Explanation: Using word derivations is not typically a technique for beginners. For beginners, techniques like showing pictures, using simple definitions, or explaining in the mother tongue are more effective.

120. According to Brown, "backsliding" occurs
Correct answer: a. presystematic
Explanation: "Backsliding" refers to a stage in second language development when learners regress or make errors they previously avoided, often occurring in the early presystematic stage.

121. The post-systematic stage of
Correct answer: d. fossilization
Explanation: In the post-systematic stage of interlanguage development, learners tend to stabilize their errors, a process known as fossilization, where certain language mistakes become permanent.

122. Which of the following does
Correct answer: d. Language teachers should not necessarily teach the physical aspects of sound production
Explanation: While understanding the physical aspects of sound production is important for some teachers, it is not always necessary for all language teachers, especially if their focus is more on language use and meaning.

123. The elements of syllabification, stress,
Correct answer: c. prosodic
Explanation: Syllabification, stress, and intonation are all prosodic features of language, relating to the rhythm, pitch, and intonation patterns that help convey meaning.

124. In order to reduce the
Correct answer: b. redundancy
Explanation: Redundancy in language helps reduce the amount of information that needs to be processed at once by repeating key concepts or structures, making communication clearer.

125. Redundancy in language helps us
Correct answer: c. piece together the information we hear
Explanation: Redundancy aids comprehension by providing additional information or cues that help us make sense of what we hear, even when some parts are unclear.

126. Language-as-product is sometimes referred
Correct answer: a. langue
Explanation: "Langue" refers to the structured system of language (as product), in contrast to "parole," which refers to the individual use of language.

127. The Aristotelian concept of language-as-
Correct answer: d. function
Explanation: Aristotle viewed language as a tool for communication that serves various functions, such as conveying information, asking questions, or making requests.

128. While following the view of
Correct answer: c. tool
Explanation: The view of language as a tool suggests that language is used to achieve purposes beyond just communication, such as manipulating the environment or social interaction.

129. The foundation for linguistic theory
Correct answer: d. natural
Explanation: Natural theory forms the basis for linguistic theory and language acquisition theory, emphasizing the inherent aspects of language that are naturally acquired by humans.

130. Human beings can think about
Correct answer: c. symbolic use of language
Explanation: The symbolic use of language allows humans to think about things that are not immediately present, such as abstract concepts or future events.

131. The concept of
Correct answer: a. cognition
Explanation: Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in learning and understanding, which includes attention, memory, and reasoning.

132. ……… stage is NOT a
Correct answer: b. Procedural
Explanation: The procedural stage is not typically part of skill acquisition, as skills usually progress through stages like cognitive, associative, and autonomous.

133. By decreasing the amount
Correct answer: b. delayed feedback
Explanation: Delayed feedback can impede learning if it slows down the process of correction and adjustment, making it harder for learners to connect their mistakes with immediate corrections.

134. The advocates of "Faculty psychology"
Correct answer: c. interacting with the environment and interpreting the results
Explanation: Faculty psychology emphasizes the role of interacting with the environment and interpreting experiences as a means of enhancing cognitive abilities.

135. Many current learning theorists conceive
Correct answer: b. general intelligence
Explanation: Current learning theorists often consider general intelligence as the highest form of intellectual ability, from which more specific skills and abilities are developed.

136. One of the major tasks
Correct answer: b. use meaningful materials
Explanation: Effective language teaching involves using materials that are meaningful to students, as this increases engagement and helps learners connect to the content.

137. The proponents of
Correct answer: d. confluent education
Explanation: Confluent education integrates affective (emotional) and cognitive (thinking) factors in learning, considering both the emotional and intellectual development of students.

138. The information-processing view of
Correct answer: b. functions of the brain during learning
Explanation: Information-processing theory focuses on how the brain processes and organizes information during learning, emphasizing cognitive functions like memory and attention.

139. "Structural meaning” is derived form
Correct answer: b. interrelationships among words
Explanation: Structural meaning arises from how words and phrases interact within a sentence, influencing the meaning through their arrangement and relationships.

140. In the descriptive approach to
Correct answer: a. form
Explanation: In the descriptive approach to language analysis, language is primarily analyzed in terms of its form (structure), rather than its function or meaning.

141. Chomsky's transformational-generative grammar harshly
Correct answer: c. behaviorism and structural linguistics
Explanation: Chomsky's transformational-generative grammar challenged behaviorist theories and structural linguistics, advocating for an innate cognitive structure that generates language.

142. According to Chomsky , language learning
Correct answer: b. rationalistic, cognitive activity
Explanation: Chomsky proposed that language learning is a cognitive, rational process, contrasting with behaviorist ideas of learning through reinforcement.

143. The current thinking in language
Correct answer: b. student's creative involvement in the learning process
Explanation: Modern language teaching emphasizes active, creative involvement by students in their learning process, rather than focusing solely on error correction or strict lesson structures.

144. The cloud method has proven
Correct answer: a. at earlier stages of learning
Explanation: The cloud method, which helps organize language concepts visually, is most effective for students at early stages of language learning, providing clarity and structure.

145. Winitz-Reed's aural discrimination method
Correct answer: d. phonologically structured
Explanation: Winitz-Reed's method is focused on phonological structure, helping learners distinguish between sounds and improve their auditory discrimination in language learning.

146. The functional category of language
Correct answer: a. speaker's purpose in communication
Explanation: The functional category of language needs focuses on the purpose behind communication, such as informing, persuading, or requesting, guiding language use in context.

147. In contrast to activists, formalists
Correct answer: c. deductive
Explanation: Formalists tend to use a deductive approach in language teaching, where rules are taught first, followed by examples, as opposed to the more inductive approach favored by activists.

148. Transformational generative grammarians arrive
Correct answer: b. set of discovery procedures
Explanation: Transformational generative grammarians develop linguistic rules through a set of discovery procedures, analyzing language structure and generative mechanisms.

149. Intrinsic programming is characterize by
Correct answer: c. constructed responses vital for comprehension
Explanation: Intrinsic programming involves learners providing constructed responses, which are vital for deeper comprehension and engagement with the learning material.

150. What people say in
Correct answer: d. parole
Explanation: "Parole" refers to the actual use of language in specific situations by individuals, as opposed to "langue," which refers to the abstract system of language.

151. The "sensory cortex" of the
Correct answer: b. receiving and interpreting language
Explanation: The sensory cortex is involved in processing sensory input, including receiving and interpreting language, which involves understanding sounds, speech, and visual input related to language.

152. Positive transfer, where the two
Correct answer: d. indicative of first language interference
Explanation: Positive transfer occurs when similarities between the two languages help in learning. However, if the languages operate differently, it can lead to interference from the first language.

153. The listener's mental and emotional
Correct answer: c. connotation
Explanation: Connotation refers to the emotional and mental associations that words carry beyond their literal meaning. It shapes how a listener perceives the word.

154. In a(n) .......... approach to
Correct answer: a. synthetic
Explanation: The synthetic approach to syllabus design involves breaking language into smaller components (like vocabulary and grammar) and arranging them in a sequence, starting from the simplest.

155. Redundancy in languages is to
Correct answer: a. elements of spelling
Explanation: Redundancy is found in many language components (e.g., morphology, sounds, and syntax), but spelling does not usually contribute to redundancy in the same way.

156. The grammar-demonstration dialogues are
Correct answer: b. artificial
Explanation: Grammar-demonstration dialogues are typically more structured and less natural, focusing on teaching specific grammatical rules, unlike conversational dialogues which aim to be more natural.

157. Students are often recommended to
Correct answer: b. grammar-demonstration
Explanation: Grammar-demonstration dialogues are often recommended for students to memorize because they help in understanding specific grammatical structures.

158. One of the disadvantages of the
Correct answer: d. equipment and well-designed materials will not ensure effective learning
Explanation: The effectiveness of the audio-visual approach depends on more than just equipment and materials; student motivation and the teacher’s approach are also crucial for success.

159. It is easy to establish by
Correct answer: c. certain relations of opposition
Explanation: Audio-visual materials can help establish relationships such as opposition (e.g., hot vs. cold) by providing visual and auditory context to reinforce these concepts.

160. The advocates of the dialogue method
Correct answer: c. accuracy/fluency
Explanation: The dialogue method emphasizes accuracy in the use of language, while the direct method focuses on fluency in spontaneous communication.

161. The "intellectual" approach to language
Correct answer: b. deciphering of the written code
Explanation: The intellectual approach focuses on understanding the written aspects of language, such as reading and analyzing written texts.

162. Advocates of an audio-visual approach
Correct answer: a. use the native language
Explanation: Advocates of the audio-visual approach believe that by using images alongside sounds, the need for the native language can be minimized, enhancing immersion in the target language.

163. A teacher who is not a
Correct answer: c. should prepare the lessons fairly well in advance
Explanation: A teacher who is not fluent should carefully plan lessons and materials in advance to ensure effective teaching and clarity.

164. In the process of teaching a
Correct answer: d. development of communicative competence is
Explanation: Communicative competence is of prime importance in second language teaching, as it focuses on the ability to use language effectively in real-world contexts.

165. It is assumed that .......... differences highly
Correct answer: a. age
Explanation: Age differences are believed to significantly impact the acquisition of pronunciation, especially with acquiring new or difficult sounds.

166. The major problem with audio-visual
Correct answer: d. costly
Explanation: Audio-visual materials and equipment can be expensive, which is a major barrier to their widespread use in language classrooms.

167. A traumatic feeling experienced by
Correct answer: b. culture shock
Explanation: Culture shock refers to the disorientation people feel when exposed to a new culture, often when learning a new language in a foreign country.

168. The restriction on how the
Correct answer: b. collocation
Explanation: Collocation refers to the way certain words naturally combine or "co-occur" in a language, limiting how words can be used together.

169. Actual objects and items which
Correct answer: a. realia
Explanation: Realia refers to real-world objects used in language teaching to provide concrete examples and enhance students' understanding and engagement.

170. The study of acceptable physical distance
Correct answer: c. proxemics
Explanation: Proxemics is the study of how people use space in communication, particularly the physical distance maintained between individuals.

171. The learning style in which a
Correct answer: d. field-independence
Explanation: Field-independence is a learning style where a student can focus on specific details without being distracted by the surrounding context.

172. Which of the following is
Correct answer: c. There should be much emphasis on the reading and writing skills.
Explanation: Activist approaches prioritize active, communicative use of language, and do not focus heavily on formal skills like reading and writing.

173. The greatest shortcoming of the Bloomfieldian
Correct answer: c. meaning
Explanation: The Bloomfieldian structuralism theory focused heavily on form and syntax, often disregarding the deeper meanings conveyed by language.

174. Field-dependent foreign language learners
Correct answer: a. fluently
Explanation: Field-dependent learners tend to speak a foreign language more fluently, as they rely on the context and are less concerned with precision.

175. The first step to be taken
Correct answer: c. make a profile for each student concerning his age, personality, etc.
Explanation: Individualizing instruction begins with understanding each student's unique characteristics, which helps tailor lessons to their specific needs and preferences.

176. The function of language in use
Correct answer: c. informative
Explanation: The informative function of language deals with conveying factual information, both affirmatively and negatively.

177. The term .......... dialogue refers to
Correct answer: a. directed
Explanation: Directed dialogue refers to structured exchanges where the teacher guides the conversation, often with specific outcomes or responses in mind.

178. Which of the following is NOT
Correct answer: a. Language shock
Explanation: Language shock is not considered a primary factor in determining psychological distance. Other factors like motivation and culture shock are more directly related.

179. One of the determining factors
Correct answer: a. language ego boundaries
Explanation: Language ego boundaries refer to the psychological defenses people have when learning a new language, which can influence their psychological distance and comfort level.

180. In the language experience approach
Correct answer: d. write their own reading materials
Explanation: The language experience approach encourages students to write their own reading materials, fostering personal connection and engagement with the language learning process.

181. ESL students' specific spelling needs
Correct answer: c. their language and educational background
Explanation: ESL students' spelling needs vary depending on their prior linguistic and educational experiences, which influence their familiarity with certain spelling rules.

182. Which of the following is NOT
Correct answer: a. Teacher's personality
Explanation: While the teacher's personality may impact the classroom environment, it is not a major factor in teaching grammar compared to students' needs, the teaching situation, and the syllabus.

183. Which of the following does NOT
Correct answer: c. Encouraging students to memorize long lists of words
Explanation: Memorizing long lists of words is less effective than developing skills to actively use vocabulary in context, which leads to better retention and understanding.

184. Some of the self-evident teacher skills
Correct answer: b. volume level and eye-contact
Explanation: Volume level and eye contact are essential skills for effective classroom interaction, helping students understand communication cues and engage with the lesson.

185. Watson contended that human behavior
Correct answer: b. empirically
Explanation: John Watson, a behaviorist, believed that human behavior should be studied empirically, focusing on observable actions rather than internal mental processes.

186. Filed dependent learners are more
Correct answer: d. communicative
Explanation: Field-dependent learners are more communicative because they tend to rely on the context and interaction with others to process information.

187. The learners who have high self-esteem
Correct answer: b. global
Explanation: Global self-esteem refers to a learner's overall sense of worth across different situations and times, rather than in specific contexts or tasks.

188. Filed dependent foreign language learners
Correct answer: a. fluently
Explanation: Field-dependent learners are generally more fluent in speaking a foreign language because they focus more on communication than on accuracy.

189. The learners who weigh all the
Correct answer: a. reflective thinkers
Explanation: Reflective thinkers carefully consider all aspects of a problem and make decisions after thorough evaluation, rather than acting impulsively.

190. Debilitative anxiety
Correct answer: b. inhibits
Explanation: Debilitative anxiety negatively affects language learning by creating mental barriers that hinder the learning process and reduce performance.

191. A learner's transitional knowledge at any
Correct answer: b. interlanguage
Explanation: Interlanguage refers to the evolving state of a learner's language knowledge as they move towards full competence in the target language.

192. In , the .......... separated from the
Correct answer: b. functionalists/Structuralists
Explanation: Functionalists and structuralists had different views on language: functionalists emphasized the purpose of language in communication, while structuralists focused on its form and structure.

193. .......... means perceiving identical pattern in
Correct answer: b. Analogy
Explanation: Analogy involves recognizing patterns or similarities between different things, often used in language learning to understand new structures or words by comparing them to familiar ones.

194. Ausubel believes that reception learning
Correct answer: c. is meaningful, but discovery learning is rote learning
Explanation: Ausubel emphasized that reception learning (where information is presented to students) can be meaningful, while discovery learning may often lead to rote memorization if not guided properly.

195. Meaningful learning is a process in
Correct answer: d. nonarbitrarily and verbatim
Explanation: Meaningful learning involves understanding and integrating new knowledge in a nonarbitrary (logical) and nonverbatim (not just memorized) way.

196. The French waiter who wishes to
Correct answer: a. instrumental/integrative
Explanation: Instrumental motivation refers to learning a language for practical purposes, such as work, while integrative motivation is when learners wish to identify with the target language community.

197. .......... psychology claims that learning is
Correct answer: c. Cognitive
Explanation: Cognitive psychology views learning as the mind's effort to organize perceptions into complex, meaningful patterns, focusing on mental processes.

198. The fitting of an utterance into
Correct answer: b. appropriacy/correctness
Explanation: Appropriacy refers to using language in a socially and contextually appropriate way, while correctness focuses on grammatical accuracy.

199. Based on his views on language learning
Correct answer: d. reading ability should be developed before any other language skill
Explanation: C. Marcel emphasized the importance of meaning and context in language learning, but did not advocate prioritizing reading over other skills like speaking or listening.

200. Having observed children's use of language
Correct answer: c. children use language to accomplish events
Explanation: F. Gouin observed that children use language pragmatically to accomplish tasks or events, often in context-driven, action-oriented ways.

201. The hypothesis which claims that writing
Correct answer: a. reading
Explanation: The reading hypothesis posits that extensive reading, especially for pleasure, leads to improved writing skills by providing exposure to language structures and vocabulary.

202. Inductive treatment of grammar means
Correct answer: a. first giving the examples, and then the general rules
Explanation: Inductive grammar teaching involves presenting students with examples first, allowing them to infer the rules of grammar.

203. The use of .......... will remove
Correct answer: a. authentic material
Explanation: Authentic materials are real-world resources, such as newspapers or advertisements, which make language learning more relevant and practical by using actual language used in everyday life.

204. Ways of describing the pattern of
Correct answer: d. interaction
Explanation: Interaction analysis describes the dynamics of teacher-student and student-student interactions in the classroom to understand behavior patterns and improve communication.

205. Utterances which verbalize a series
Correct answer: b. Gouin series
Explanation: The Gouin series are sequences of utterances used to describe actions in real time, helping learners understand language through sequences of events.

206. If the students know the forms
Correct answer: c. analogy
Explanation: Analogical reasoning helps students infer new word forms or structures by recognizing patterns in familiar ones, such as "pencil" to "pencils."

207. The teacher's control center in a
Correct answer: c. console
Explanation: In language labs, the console is the control center from which the teacher manages audio or video equipment and interacts with students.

208. .......... approach is a method of
Correct answer: b. Spiral
Explanation: The spiral approach involves revisiting language topics at increasing levels of difficulty, ensuring that learners build on previously learned concepts.

209. .......... is in contrast with ...........
Correct answer: a. Competence/performance
Explanation: Competence refers to a speaker's internalized knowledge of language, while performance is the actual use of that language in real contexts.

210. Spoken or written materials which are
Correct answer: b. authentic
Explanation: Authentic materials are real-life resources, not specially created for language learning, and they provide learners with exposure to genuine language use.

211. In language teaching, when the content
Correct answer: a. immersion language teaching
Explanation: Immersion language teaching involves teaching content in the target language, making language learning an integral part of learning other subjects.

212. Bus tickets, menu cards, fruit
Correct answer: c. realia
Explanation: Realia refers to real-life objects or materials, like bus tickets or menu cards, that are brought into the classroom to make language learning more engaging and context-based.